schema version: 1.0.0
graph id: kaal:agentic-claim-graph:eligible-1280:v1
state: public
publication authorized: true
built at: 2026-08-19T18:44:25.344Z
author:
  name: Wulf A. Kaal
  orcid: 0009-0008-7840-1847
source authorities:
  claims index: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/index.json
  paper graph: https://github.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/tree/main/knowledge-graph
source counts:
  canonical claims: 5197
  paper graph nodes: 143
  paper graph papers: 131
pilot:
  selected claims: 1280
  selection method: deterministic agentic capability relevance v1 with ten-claim per-paper cap
  attribution class: source_derived_only
  exact supporting quotes present: 1280
  per claim pdf quote match recomputed: false
  publication gate: Authorized by Wulf A. Kaal, 2026-08-19: expand to the full eligible set under selection method v1.
nodes:
  id: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847
  type: Person
  name: Wulf A. Kaal
  role: claim_author
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:agentic-commerce-and-settlement
  type: AgentCapability
  name: agentic-commerce-and-settlement
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:coordination-and-incentives
  type: AgentCapability
  name: coordination-and-incentives
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:decentralized-infrastructure
  type: AgentCapability
  name: decentralized-infrastructure
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:governance-and-adjudication
  type: AgentCapability
  name: governance-and-adjudication
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:learning-and-feedback
  type: AgentCapability
  name: learning-and-feedback
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:legal-and-institutional-governance
  type: AgentCapability
  name: legal-and-institutional-governance
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:provenance-and-knowledge
  type: AgentCapability
  name: provenance-and-knowledge
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:reputation-and-identity
  type: AgentCapability
  name: reputation-and-identity
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:safety-and-accountability
  type: AgentCapability
  name: safety-and-accountability
nodes:
  id: kaal:agent-capability:trust-and-verification
  type: AgentCapability
  name: trust-and-verification
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-009
  type: Claim
  canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-009
  text: Because net asset value drives subscriptions, redemptions, performance calculations, advertising, and fees, managers who both manage and value the portfolio have both an incentive and the ability to inappropriately over-value their portfolios.
  claim type: mechanism
  topics: risk-and-incentives
  topics: economics
  scope conditions: where the manager performs or controls valuation
  scope conditions: where NAV is the basis for fees and performance figures
  attribution class: source_derived
  attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
  verification status: current
  source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
  source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
  confidence: argued
  relevance score: 8
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-009:source-passage
  type: SourcePassage
  text: Given the conflicting responsibilities, managers have an incentive and the ability to inappropriately over-value their portfolios.27
  locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-012
  type: Claim
  canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-012
  text: There is an adverse selection problem in independent valuation: an administrator who actually had the knowledge and understanding of complex instruments required for the task would probably be incentivized to use that expertise in a more profitable setting instead.
  claim type: failure
  topics: economics
  topics: risk-and-incentives
  scope conditions: for administrators valuing highly complex instruments
  attribution class: source_derived
  attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
  verification status: current
  source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
  source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
  confidence: argued
  relevance score: 8
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-012:source-passage
  type: SourcePassage
  text: Had the administrator the required knowledge and understanding of the complexities, he or she would probably be incentivized to use that experience and understanding in a more profitable setting.
  locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-021
  type: Claim
  canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-021
  text: The principal-agent problem in complex financial products is exacerbated by hierarchies in financial institutions, which create multiple layers of agency relationships between the traders using the products and the principals bearing the real economic risk.
  claim type: mechanism
  topics: ai-and-agents
  topics: corporate-governance
  topics: risk-and-incentives
  scope conditions: in banks and large institutions trading complex financial products
  attribution class: source_derived
  attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
  verification status: current
  source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
  source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
  confidence: argued
  relevance score: 30
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-021:source-passage
  type: SourcePassage
  text: The principal-agent problem is further exacerbated by hierarchies in financial institutions that often create multiple layers of agency relationships to trade and invest in complex financial products.
  locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-023
  type: Claim
  canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-023
  text: Because rating agencies are paid by CDO issuers while the ratings' main users are buyers, the agency as agent has an incentive to issue high ratings to satisfy its issuer principal, and the buyer has no means of controlling the agency other than through its relationship with the issuer.
  claim type: mechanism
  topics: institutional-design
  scope conditions: under the issuer-pays model for structured finance ratings
  attribution class: source_derived
  attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
  verification status: current
  source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
  source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
  confidence: argued
  relevance score: 12
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-023:source-passage
  type: SourcePassage
  text: The rating agency as the agent would probably have an incentive to issue high ratings to satisfy the issuer of a CDO as its principal. The buyer as the beneficiary of the rating has no means of controlling the rating agencies and its ratings other than through its relationship with the issuer.
  locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-024
  type: Claim
  canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-024
  text: The issuer-buyer relationship and the incentives inside it are unlikely to be able to adequately control the principal-agent relationship between issuer and rating agency so as to ensure accurate ratings.
  claim type: failure
  topics: compliance
  topics: ai-and-agents
  topics: corporate-governance
  scope conditions: under the issuer-pays rating model for CDOs
  attribution class: source_derived
  attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
  verification status: current
  source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
  source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
  confidence: argued
  relevance score: 32
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-024:source-passage
  type: SourcePassage
  text: It seems unlikely that the issuer-buyer relationship and the incentives inherent within could adequately control the principal-agent relationship between issuer and rating agency to ensure accurate ratings.
  locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-025
  type: Claim
  canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-025
  text: Qualified investors have strong incentives to accept valuation problems rather than contest them, because contesting would jeopardize their relationships with management and other industry participants and damage their own reputations.
  claim type: mechanism
  topics: reputation
  scope conditions: qualified investors with industry relationships and reputational stakes
  attribution class: source_derived
  attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
  verification status: current
  source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
  source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
  confidence: argued
  relevance score: 30
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-025:source-passage
  type: SourcePassage
  text: Even though their preference may be to obtain accurate valuation when needed, they have strong incentives to accept valuation problems in order to maintain the relationships with management and other industry participants and protect their reputations. Managers are also dependent on their
  locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator
nodes:
  id: kaal:claim:1428387-030
  type: Claim
  canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-030
  text: Unless an investor's business is primarily to invest in hard-to-value assets, that investor's sophistication cannot be assumed regardless of personal wealth.
  claim type: condition
  topics: institutional-design
  scope conditions: for investments in hard-to-value assets and complex financial instruments
  attribution class: source_derived
  attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
  verification status: current
  source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
  source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
  confidence: argued
  relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1428387-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unless the business of an investor is to primarily invest in certain hard-to-value assets, the sophistication of such investor can probably not be assumed, regardless of personal wealth. Investors who could
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1428387-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-031
text: Raising the Regulation D numerical tests by adding an investable assets requirement would probably not address how to remedy investors' lack of understanding of hard-to-value assets.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: reputation
scope conditions: under the SEC proposal to add a 2.5 million dollar investments requirement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:1428387-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: raising the numerical tests by adding an investable assets requirement236 would probably not address the question of how the lack of understanding of certain hard-to-value assets could be addressed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1428387-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-032
text: More disclosure does not always mean better governance, because the information provided may be hard to assess and evaluate.
claim type: failure
topics: disclosure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: where disclosed valuation and risk data is complex
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:1428387-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: More disclosure may not, however, always mean better governance if the information provided is hard to assess and evaluate.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1428387-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1428387-039
text: Investor suitability standards would address the sophistication problem by requiring independent verification that investors in highly complex financial products can evaluate investment risk independently and are capable of making independent investment decisions.
claim type: design
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: for investments in highly complex financial products
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:1428387-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Investor suitability standards would address these concerns by requiring independent verification that investors in highly complex financial products have the capability to evaluate investment risk independently and are capable of making independent investment decisions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-013
text: Limited liability lets managers and shareholders capture most of the benefits of excessive risk taking while not bearing all of its costs, which is one explanation for why bankers take excessive risk.
claim type: mechanism
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: corporation protected by limited liability
scope conditions: corporation may lack assets sufficient to pay creditors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:1558614-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, both managers and shareholders of a corporation enjoy most of the benefits of excessive 62 risk taking but do not bear all of the costs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-014
text: The U.S. governance structure, built on periodic disclosure of performance data and stock price maximization, encourages risk taking because managers feel compelled to meet shareholder expectations at every reporting interval.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: disclosure
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: governance systems that emphasize periodic performance disclosure and stock price
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:1558614-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Risk taking in this context may be encour- aged by the perceived need to satisfy expectations of shareholders. Managers feel compelled to fulfill performance expectations whenev- er results are disclosed, be it quarterly, bi-annually, or annually.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-015
text: German corporate law's historical focus on conflicts between controlling and minority shareholders leaves it poorly equipped to address managerial abuse of power, including excessive risk taking by managers.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: systems where ownership is concentrated and the central conflict is shareholder against shareholder
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:1558614-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Ar- guably, a legal system that focuses on the interaction of controlling and minority shareholders is not as well equipped to deal with mana- gerial abuse of power, including excessive risk taking by managers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-018
text: Codetermination makes the German supervisory board's decision making more cumbersome, so a co determined Aufsichtsrat may not respond quickly enough to fast moving events such as an escalation of portfolio risk or a liquidity crisis.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
topics: defi
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: corporations large enough to trigger employee representation on the supervisory board
scope conditions: employee representatives may also carry union political objectives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:1558614-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It may be difficult for a co-determined Aufsichtsrat to respond quickly to rapidly changing developments, such as an escala- tion of financial risk in a securities portfolio or a liquidity crisis.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-019
text: Because the Aufsichtsrat owes its duty of loyalty to the firm rather than to shareholders alone, and because non shareholder constituencies such as employees and creditors are more risk averse than diversified shareholders, German supervisory boards may take a more conservative attitude toward risk than U.S. shareholder oriented boards.
claim type: mechanism
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: German courts treat the duty as protecting the interests of the firm, not only shareholders
scope conditions: reinforced by codetermination
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:1558614-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The Aufsichtsrat's legal duty of loyalty to the firm as distinct from its shareholders thus may dictate a more conservative attitude toward risk than that of a shareholder oriented board of di- rectors in the United States.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-020
text: Director independence does not produce effective risk monitoring: as the failure of independent director oversight at Lehman Brothers and other large U.S. financial firms shows, independent directors cannot monitor risk when managers, accountants and lawyers keep them in the dark.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: disclosure
topics: compliance
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: U.S. style independence defined by lack of financial ties to the company
scope conditions: information flow to the board controlled by insiders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:1558614-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: independent directors cannot effectively monitor for risk if they are kept in the dark by the firm's managers, accountants, lawyers, and other persons familiar with its business
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-023
text: Because U.S. law frames the inquiry around corporate waste, and most risk taking does not meet the waste standard, showing that a decision was hazardous or excessively risky is not enough to rebut the business judgment rule in the United States.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: corporate-governance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: U.S. courts presume absence of corporate waste and ask only whether that presumption is rebutted
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:1558614-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because most risk taking does not meet the definition of corporate waste, a showing of hazard or excessive risk is insufficient to rebut the 98 business judgment rule in the United States.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-025
text: The U.S. requirement that directors act on an informed basis is watered down because many states permit charter provisions exculpating directors from liability for breach of the duty of care, including the duty to act on an informed basis.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: states with exculpation statutes such as Delaware, Illinois and New Jersey
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:1558614-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This requirement, however, is watered down in the United States by many states that allow corporations to adopt charter provisions that exculpate the directors from liability to the corporation for breach of a duty of care
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-035
text: Germany's 2005 introduction of the derivative suit tightened the standard of care only partially, because section 148(1) of the AktG conditions shareholder standing on holding shares worth roughly 100,000 euros, a threshold with no U.S. counterpart.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
scope conditions: German derivative suits under section 148(1) AktG as amended by the UMAG
scope conditions: partly counterbalanced by VorstAG liability and compensation reduction provisions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:1558614-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: section 148(1) of the AktG requires a threshold ownership of shares totaling !100,000 (about $127,090) for shareholders to have standing to sue on behalf 174 of the corporation in German courts
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1558614-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1558614-036
text: The German legislature enacted the VorstAG on the premise that managers who emphasize short term parameters lose sight of the corporation's long term benefit and are thereby incentivized to take irresponsible risks, and it accordingly required compensation reduction in a corporate crisis, a D&O deductible, and deferred payout of performance based pay.
claim type: design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: German stock corporations subject to the VorstAG of August 2009
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:1558614-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: "managers who emphasize short-term parameters in manage- ment lose sight of the long-term benefit of the corporation and are 185 incentivized to take irresponsible risks,"
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-002
text: Congress intended the federal securities laws to cover only purchases and sales of securities that occur within the United States, a conclusion the authors reached with twenty-one law professors after reviewing the legislative history.
claim type: definitional
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: reading of the 1933 Act and 1934 Act legislative history
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1664809-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: had intended the federal securities laws only to cover purchases
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-009
text: The significant steps standard of section 7216 is probably broader than the Second Circuit's conduct and effect test, and the proposed statutory language would therefore reach a wider range of defendants.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: comparison of section 7216 language with existing Second Circuit doctrine
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1664809-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: statutory language in section 7216 is arguably broader than the
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-012
text: The lack of securities class actions in European jurisdictions creates a void that increases the incentives for forum shopping by plaintiffs' lawyers.
claim type: mechanism
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: European jurisdictions that do not offer securities class actions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:1664809-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This void increases incentives for forum shopping by
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-018
text: Applying section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 together with the fraud on the market theory substantially increases the potential liability of issuers and can lead to questionable results, which is why EU jurisdictions may not want that rule applied to their securities markets.
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: securities markets subjected to US antifraud litigation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1664809-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: theory substantially increases the potential liability of issuers and
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-021
text: A European company retains some ability to avoid the Sarbanes-Oxley Act by declining to list its securities in the United States, an escape route that expansive extraterritorial securities litigation would close.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: companies not listed on a US exchange
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1664809-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A European company, however, has some ability to avoid the Sarbanes-Oxley Act if it avoids listing its securities in the
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-022
text: Overlapping regulation and inconsistent legal rules create uncertainty, so that individual board members of European companies and their attorneys will not know which legal rules apply or what effects those rules may have.
claim type: mechanism
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
scope conditions: companies exposed to more than one regulatory regime
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1664809-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Overlapping regulation and inconsistent legal rules create uncer-
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-023
text: Legal uncertainty generates transaction costs, and European company boards will inevitably incur costs minimizing the information asymmetries created by different legal regimes that may or may not apply to their company.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: disclosure
topics: compliance
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: firms facing more than one potentially applicable legal regime
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1664809-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Legal uncertainty generates transaction costs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-033
text: Overlapping regulation must be distinguished from conflicting regulation: only conflicting regulation could violate international law, because the territorial integrity of a state is breached only where there is a specific true conflict in the substantive legal norms of the respective states.
claim type: definitional
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: analysis of extraterritorial jurisdiction under public international law
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1664809-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It is important to distinguish 'overlapping' from 'conflicting' regulation. Conflicting regulation could violate international law.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-034
text: If US law requires disclosure of information that another country's law prohibits from being disclosed, whether for privacy or other reasons, there could be a true conflict of law and a credible case that the United States is in breach of international law.
claim type: condition
topics: disclosure
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: a genuine incompatibility between US disclosure duties and foreign prohibitions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 17

id: kaal:claim:1664809-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: disclosure of information that another country's law would prohibit to be disclosed, whether for privacy reasons or other reasons, there could be a true conflict of law and a credible case that the United States is in breach of international law.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1664809-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1664809-038
text: European boards of directors and company lawyers should follow the Morrison decision and the section 7216 legislative process closely, prepare for the resulting changes, and ask Congress to reconsider section 7216.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: pending outcome of Morrison v. NAB and of section 7216
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:1664809-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: European Boards of Directors and company lawyers should fol- low upcoming events closely and prepare themselves for these impending changes. They should also ask Congress to reconsider
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-003
text: The plaintiffs' reading that Section 10(b) covers transactions anywhere in any security of a class listed on a U.S. exchange is inconsistent with Morrison, because the opinion turns on the location of the transaction and on the holding that Section 10(b) has no extraterritorial application.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: dually listed securities
scope conditions: transactions executed on a foreign exchange
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1765901-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This interpretation is inconsistent with the basic thrust of the Morrison opin- ion, which focuses on the location of the transactions and the fact that Section 10(b) does not apply extraterritorially,
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-004
text: Morrison itself refutes a listing based reading of Section 10(b): the Court knew that National Australia Bank had registered and listed shares in New York, yet held that Section 10(b) did not reach trades in those ordinary shares in Australia.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: foreign issuers with U.S. registered ADRs or listed shares
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1765901-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The entire point of the Morrison opinion, however, is that Section 10(b) did not apply to trades in NAB's ordinary shares in Australia. This is inconsistent with a theory that the Court would apply Section 10(b) to any security listed on a U.S. exchange
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-005
text: There is no substantive difference between a foreign issuer listing ADRs on a U.S. exchange and listing its ordinary shares there, so Section 10(b) coverage of foreign transactions should not turn on which arrangement the issuer chose.
claim type: definitional
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: foreign issuers accessing U.S. markets through ADRs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1765901-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It also makes little sense to argue that the result would be different, and Section 10(b) would apply to transactions in NAB's ordinary shares outside the United States, if NAB had listed its ordinary shares for trading on the NYSE instead of listing the ADRs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-010
text: The Porsche swap transactions were not the functional equivalent of a transaction on a U.S. securities exchange, but neither were they the functional equivalent of a transaction on a German exchange, contrary to the implication of Judge Baer's opinion.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: over-the-counter security-based swap agreements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1765901-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the actual Porsche case, however, the swap transactions were not the func- tional equivalent of a transaction on a U.S. securities exchange, even if they also were not the functional equivalent of a transaction on an exchange in Germany.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-013
text: If the presence of a single U.S. party sufficed to locate a privately negotiated derivative transaction in the United States, U.S. parties could sue in U.S. courts regardless of other factors such as where the counterparties were located.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: privately negotiated derivative transactions
scope conditions: a one party location test
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1765901-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If the presence of one party alone should suffice, U.S. parties to privately negotiated derivative transactions would be able to sue in U.S. courts regardless of other factors, such as where the counterparties were located,
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-014
text: Locating a private transaction by the location of the parties is often unworkable, because the parties are frequently institutions simultaneously present in the United States and abroad, and individual parties are often in transit.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: private transactions in conventional securities
scope conditions: institutional and mobile parties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1765901-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Parties to a private transaction are often institutions having a simultaneous presence in the U.S. and abroad. Individual parties to a private transaction are often in transit.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-017
text: Non-U.S. investors have a strong incentive to route foreign trades through U.S. brokers if that preserves a U.S. cause of action, because their home jurisdictions rarely offer the attractive features of the U.S. system such as broad discovery, higher damages, class actions, and no exposure to defendants' costs.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: a broker location theory accepted by U.S. courts
scope conditions: non-U.S. clients trading non-U.S. securities
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:1765901-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Indeed, the home jurisdiction of non-U.S. clients of U.S. brokers is not likely to provide many of the attractive features of the U.S. legal system, such as unparalleled discovery, a tendency towards higher damages and settle- ment amounts, the availability of securities class actions
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-019
text: Porsche could be exposed to substantial U.S. sanctions even though neither its own common stock nor Volkswagen's traded in the United States, solely because of swap agreements to which Porsche was not a party.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: derivative contracts referencing foreign traded shares
scope conditions: foreign issuers with no U.S. listing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1765901-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Albeit seemingly without its own common stock trading in the U.S. or the common stock of Volkswagen trading in the U.S., Porsche could be ex- posed to substantial sanctions in the U.S. merely because of swap agreements in which Porsche had no involvement.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-028
text: Section 929P(b) risks complications where the SEC proceeds unilaterally in situations in which coordinated enforcement with foreign regulators would be more effective, for example insider trading cases involving exchanges whose home regimes do not recognize comparable insider trading rules.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: compliance
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: unilateral SEC enforcement over foreign exchange transactions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1765901-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The provision risks complications if the SEC pursues cases unilaterally when coordinated enforcement with foreign regulators would be more effective.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1765901-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1765901-029
text: Expanded SEC enforcement under the Dodd-Frank provision runs a serious risk of being perceived as an encroachment on the corporate governance of foreign companies.
claim type: predictive
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: securities-law
topics: compliance
scope conditions: expanded extraterritorial enforcement by the SEC or DOJ
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:1765901-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: There is serious risk that such SEC enforcement actions would be perceived to encroach upon the corporate governance of foreign companies
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-005
text: The AIFM Directive could create incentives for regulatory arbitrage and could provoke retaliatory action by countries outside the European Union.
claim type: predictive
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: non-EU funds and managers face restricted access to EU markets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1806252-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The AIFM Directive could create incentives for regulatory arbitrage and potentially cause retaliatory action by non-EU countries.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-008
text: If regulators lack the resources to protect against systemic risk, hedge fund regulation could be futile.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: securities-law
topics: private-funds
topics: compliance
scope conditions: regulators are given a systemic risk mandate they lack capacity to execute
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1806252-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If regulators lack the resources to protect against systemic risk, hedge fund regulation could be futile.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-013
text: Because banks expect to be bailed out with taxpayer funds, they may have less incentive to monitor their hedge fund lending activities, even though hedge funds are not themselves counterparties in government bailouts.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: systemic-risk
topics: compliance
scope conditions: governments are presumed willing to bail out banks
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1806252-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Hedge funds are not counterparties in government bailouts, but if banks get bailed out, they may have less incentive to monitor their hedge fund lending activities or other hedge fund-related business.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-014
text: Systemic risk and financial market stability are public goods, so individual banks free ride on other banks' hedge fund credit risk management and are not incentivized to adequately monitor or limit their own hedge fund risk exposure.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: systemic-risk
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1806252-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Systemic risk and financial market stability generate public good and free-rider problems: banks are not incentivized to adequately monitor or limit hedge fund risk exposure because of their reliance on hedge fund credit risk management by other banks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-015
text: An institution or a country creates externalities when it manages its own hedge fund generated systemic risk without considering how its actions or inactions affect risk in the system as a whole.
claim type: definitional
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1806252-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: An institution or country creates externalities if it manages its own hedge fund-generated systemic risk without considering the impact of its actions or inactions on the risk in the system as a whole.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-016
text: Even if hedge fund investing does have systemic implications, systemic risk is multifaceted enough that addressing it could require more than one regulator in a single jurisdiction, so the SEC alone may be unable to accomplish the task.
claim type: condition
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: institutional-design
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: systemic risk is difficult to measure and the required information is widely dispersed
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:1806252-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Even assuming that systemic implications arise from hedge fund investing, systemic risk is such a multifaceted issue that it could require the involvement of more than one regulator in one jurisdiction.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-020
text: Discrimination against non-EU jurisdictions under the AIFM Directive could provoke retaliatory action, and retaliation combined with a lack of intra-European cooperation could damage the European financial services industry and the whole European economy.
claim type: predictive
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: obstacles to EU market access for non-EU funds and managers persist
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1806252-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Discrimination against non-EU jurisdictions could provoke retaliatory action. As a consequence, retaliatory actions and a lack of intra-European cooperation could damage the European financial services industry and the whole European economy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-028
text: A standard objection to indirect regulation is that counterparty credit risk management will not work effectively unless the lending bank has an exclusive relationship with the hedge fund that lets it control the relationship.
claim type: condition
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
scope conditions: a hedge fund borrows from more than one bank, so no single bank sees its overall risk exposure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:1806252-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: CCRM will not work effectively unless the bank has an exclusive relationship with the hedge fund that allows it to control the relationship.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-031
text: Banks' role in monitoring hedge funds is not easily comparable to the principal agent problem between securities buyers and credit rating agencies, because banks have more influence over hedge funds than securities buyers have over rating agencies and their ratings.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: systemic-risk
topics: compliance
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:1806252-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Banks have perhaps more influence over hedge funds than buyers of securities over credit rating agencies and their ratings.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1806252-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1806252-032
text: The numerical wealth requirements used to define qualified hedge fund investors fail as a regulatory device, because investors who meet the wealth thresholds do not always have the knowledge, understanding, and sophistication needed to invest in highly complex financial instruments.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: accredited investor standards under Regulation D and PFIARA
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:1806252-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The policy fails to take into account investors who technically fulfill the numerical wealth requirements but lack an adequate level of financial sophistication.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-006
text: The second trigger, which increases voting rights before resolution, should fire on evidence that conversion into equity was unsuccessful, that conversion came too early or too late, or that the firm's financial performance keeps trending downward.
claim type: design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: governance-design
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: Applies after the first trigger has already converted debt into equity
scope conditions: Applies before authorities initiate resolution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:1908473-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Increasing the voting rights pre-resolution could be triggered by evidence that the conversion into equity was not successful, that conversion was triggered too early or too late, or that there is an overall continuing downward trend in the financial performance of the company.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-010
text: Contingent capital offers only limited protection against information asymmetries, principal and agent conflicts, and collective action problems, so it cannot by itself prevent economic failure.
claim type: failure
topics: disclosure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: institutional-design
topics: contingent-capital
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:1908473-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Contingent capital can only limitedly protect against information asymmetries, principal/agent issues, and collective action problems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-011
text: Existing proposals for implementing contingent capital do not explain how they would address the information asymmetries and principal and agent problems that may lie at the core of the credit crisis.
claim type: failure
topics: disclosure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: contingent-capital
scope conditions: Assumes information asymmetries and principal agent problems were central causes of the crisis
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:1908473-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Although contingent capital has many beneficial attributes, existing proposals for implementing contingent capital are unclear as to how they will address information asymmetries and principal/agent problems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-014
text: The incentive effects of corporate governance controls may not operate in systemically important financial institutions, because managers and owners who anticipate a bailout commitment adjust their risk preferences upward.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: systemic-risk
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: Applies to institutions considered too big to fail
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:1908473-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the incentives originating from corporate governance controls may not work in SIFIs. SIFIs are often considered too big to fail and may be bailed out.108 If that is the case, SIFI principals-managers-owners may anticipate a bailout commitment and adjust their risk preferences upwards.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-024
text: Departing from Coffee's design, super-voting rights should be allocated to contingent capital holders only if the first trigger failed to improve the institution's financial health; at the first trigger the new shareholder gets one vote per share.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: contingent-capital
scope conditions: Voting rights escalate only on a continuing downward trend after the first conversion
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:1908473-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Although we agree with the need for increased voting rights, the proposal in this Article would allocate super-voting rights to CCS holders only if the first trigger did not result in an improvement of the financial institution's financial health.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-025
text: To balance constituent incentives and prevent abuse, the voting rights increase should be calibrated so that contingent capital holders obtain a majority stake only in combination with the largest institutional shareholder.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Change of control limited to the case where the first trigger failed
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:1908473-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To balance the constituents' incentives and avoid abuse,194 the voting rights increase could be calibrated to give CCS holders a majority stake in the company only with, for instance, the largest institutional shareholder.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-029
text: Information asymmetries between market participants and a systemically important institution's management before default can be reduced if a financial weakening after conversion of contingent capital triggers a voting rights increase.
claim type: mechanism
topics: disclosure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: Requires that the weakening occur after contingent capital has converted into equity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:1908473-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The information asymmetries between market participants and a SIFI's management before a SIFI defaults199 could be minimized if a financial weakening of the SIFI after conversion of CCS triggers a voting rights increase.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-030
text: The second trigger voting rights increase should never actually be triggered; its function is to level the playing field between constituents, incentivize negotiation, and provide an alternative to reorganization.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: contingent-capital
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:1908473-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The second trigger voting rights increase should never actually be triggered. Rather, it should help level the playing field between constituents and incentivize negotiation and provide an alternative to reorganization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-031
text: German corporate law permits increases in voting rights only in very limited circumstances, such as grandfathered multiple voting shares, so the proposed voting rights increase would require statutory reform in Germany.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: Höchststimmrechte were banned for listed German corporations in 1998
scope conditions: France and the United Kingdom by contrast permit multiple votes per share
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:1908473-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: German corporate law allows an increase in voting rights only in very limited circumstances, such as grandfathering provisions for shares with multiple voting rights that were created before the enactment of the Corporations Act
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1908473-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1908473-032
text: Allocating super-voting stock to contingent capital holders satisfies Delaware's legitimate business purpose requirement, because the allocation serves to avoid insolvency and dissolution of the institution.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: Delaware permits alternative voting arrangements if the charter provides for them or is amended
scope conditions: Increases are limited if inequitable or in breach of fiduciary duty
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:1908473-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Allocating super-voting stock, as proposed herein, would be for the legitimate business purpose of avoiding both insolvency and dissolution.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-005
text: Combined with other corporate governance mechanisms, contingent capital securities function as an internal, institution specific mechanism that could fill the void left by regulators' apparent inability to supervise financial institutions effectively.
claim type: design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: institutional-design
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: where CCS are used alongside, not instead of, other corporate governance mechanisms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:1998455-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Com- bined with other corporate governance mechanisms, CCSs, as an internal institution-specific mechanism, could help fill a void left by regulators' seeming inability to supervise financial institutions effectively.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-010
text: The threat of dilution of stock holdings, combined with the threat of loss on conversion, reduces the pressure shareholders place on the management of systemically important financial institutions to take higher risks.
claim type: mechanism
topics: contingent-capital
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: where conversion dilutes existing common shareholders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:1998455-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The threat of dilution of stock holdings in combination with a threat of loss due to conversion could help reduce shareholder pressure on SIFI management to take higher risks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-016
text: If a market evolves in which contingent capital designs appear to provide sufficient protection against systemic risk and contagion, decision makers may come to rely on the design of those securities and neglect their own role as monitors.
claim type: failure
topics: contingent-capital
topics: compliance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: theoretical possibility flagged by the author
scope conditions: presupposes CCS designs that appear protective
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: speculative
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:1998455-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: it seems theoretically possible that decision makers could rely on the design of CCS and neglect their role as monitors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-018
text: Regular corporate governance controls may not work in systemically important financial institutions, because those institutions are considered too big to fail and their leaders, anticipating a bailout commitment, are incentivized to shift their risk preferences upwards.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: where the institution is treated as too big to fail and a bailout is anticipated
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:1998455-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the regular corporate governance controls may not work in SIFIs. SIFIs are often considered too big to fail and may be bailed out. If that is the case, SIFI leaders may anticipate a bail-out com- mitment and may be incentivized to shift their risk preferences upwards.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-024
text: The combination of demonstrated investor interest and an underdeveloped regulatory structure in the United States presents a unique opportunity to experiment with contingent capital designs and with their application to the corporate governance of systemically important financial institutions.
claim type: design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: economics
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: United States market conditions as of 2012
scope conditions: structurally different debt and equity markets from Europe
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:1998455-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The combination of investor interest and an underdeveloped regulatory structure in the United States, pertaining to this market segment, could present a unique opportunity to experiment with contingent capital designs and their possible application in corpo- rate governance of SIFIs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-026
text: Harmonization and coordination can facilitate experimentation and learning, but experimentation is most effective when several different approaches are tried simultaneously in different jurisdictions.
claim type: design
topics: economics
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: where multiple jurisdictions are free to adopt divergent rules
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:1998455-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Harmonization and coordination can help facilitate experimentation and a learning process, but experimentation is probably most effective when several different approaches can be tried simultaneously in dif- ferent jurisdictions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-032
text: A contingent capital design that increases voting rights on conversion allows systemically important institutions to lower risk taking implicitly and to achieve an indirect, institution specific form of corporate governance reform through increased checks and balances.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: where CCS are issued with a voting rights increase upon conversion
scope conditions: issuance may be voluntary or mandatory
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:1998455-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: With a design that increases voting rights, SI- FIs could implicitly lower risk-taking and allow for a form of in- direct and institution- specific corporate governance reform, i.e., increased checks and balances.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-033
text: Because the threat of a change of control leads leaders to take fewer risks in order to avoid triggering conversion, a contingent capital design with increased voting rights allows those leaders to act more in accordance with their moral convictions and conscience.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: where conversion carries a credible threat of change of control
scope conditions: where shareholders respond by allowing management more discretion over risk taking
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:1998455-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It could allow SIFI leaders to increasingly act in accordance with their moral convictions and conscience because the threat of change of control may influence SIFI leaders to take fewer risks to avoid triggering the conversion of CCS and a possible change of con- trol.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-034
text: Management incentives for risk control are heightened upon conversion, especially where management knows that holders of converted contingent capital would command a majority vote, with or without institutional shareholders.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: depends on the volume of CCS issuance, which determines the influence of CCS holders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:1998455-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: More importantly, management incen- tives for risk control could be heightened upon conversion, espe- cially if management knows that CCS holders would have a ma- jority vote upon conversion (with or without institutional shareholders).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:1998455-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-038
text: Rather than banning purchases by systemically important institutions of each other's contingent capital, which could be detrimental to market evolution, the design should require disclosure of the purchaser's identity and approval by the issuer.
claim type: design
topics: disclosure
topics: economics
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: where the concern is competitors acquiring voting rights as equity holders upon conversion
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:1998455-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: An outright ban of SIFI CCS purchases, or at least purchases in other SIFI CCS issuances, could be detrimental for CCS mar- ket evolution. Perhaps a mechanism that requires disclosure of the identity of the purchaser for SIFIs and approval by the issuer could address these concerns.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-009
text: Harmonization invites its own defeat by creating an incentive for rogue jurisdictions to attract, into their legal systems, the private actors who do not agree with the harmonized rule.
claim type: failure
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies even within organized communities of jurisdictions such as the European Union
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:2029983-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Third, harmonization invites efforts to undermine harmony by "rogue" jurisdictions that seek to benefit by attracting to their legal systems private actors who do not agree with the harmonization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-010
text: Defined geographic borders for securities transactions, the overarching assumption behind Morrison, are an unstable basis for limiting the extraterritorial reach of either private litigation or government regulation.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: securities transactions whose location is contestable
scope conditions: applies to both private suits and regulatory enforcement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2029983-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Defined geographic borders for securities transactions—the overarching assumption behind the Morrison decision—are an unstable basis for limiting the extraterritorial reach of both private litigation and government regulation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-012
text: Bifurcation lets a party to a disputed offshore transaction reintroduce U.S. law into the civil liability regime by threatening to involve the SEC or DOJ unless the other party offers an attractive settlement.
claim type: failure
topics: compliance
scope conditions: transaction located outside the United States
scope conditions: Section 929P enforcement remains available
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2029983-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A party to a disputed transaction outside the United States can even reintroduce U.S. law into the civil liability re- gime by threatening to involve the SEC or DOJ if the other par- ty does not offer an attractive settlement.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-016
text: Without an opt-out mechanism, European class sizes will likely be substantially smaller than their U.S. counterparts, which in turn depresses settlement amounts and damages awards.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: European collective procedures that require plaintiffs to opt in
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2029983-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without an opt-out mechanism, European class sizes will likely be substantially smaller than their U.S. counterparts.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-019
text: The German KapMuG does not relieve trial judges of deciding the legal issues in every individual case, so it remains administratively burdensome even though its model case judgment binds the trial courts.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: German model case proceedings for capital markets claims
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2029983-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The KapMuG, how- ever, does not discharge the trial judges from addressing the legal issues in each and every case individually.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-020
text: The WCAM's requirement that a court evaluate procedural and substantive fairness and the efficiency of the settlement lets the Dutch system avoid blackmail settlements, where a defendant pays simply to escape endless proceedings and reputational loss.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Dutch collective settlements certified by the Amsterdam Court of Appeal
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:2029983-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The WCAM, thus, avoids black- mail settlements in which a defendant offers a payment to get out of a class action to avoid the prospect of endless proceedings
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-022
text: In Converium the Amsterdam Court of Appeal declared an international collective settlement binding on the parties even though the class members had only tenuous connections to the Netherlands.
claim type: empirical
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: WCAM collective settlement proceedings
scope conditions: none of the defendants and only a few plaintiffs were domiciled in the Netherlands
scope conditions: alleged wrongdoing occurred outside the Netherlands and claims were not brought under Dutch law
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2029983-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The Amsterdam Court of Appeal in its Converium decision declared an international collective settlement binding on the parties to a settlement where the class members had rather tenuous connections to the Netherlands (none of the defendants
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-025
text: The Netherlands is already Europe's most attractive venue for collective settlements because it is the only European country that allows a collective settlement in mass litigation to bind all class members who do not opt out.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: European jurisdictions as of 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2029983-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The Netherlands is already Europe's most attractive venue to facilitate such settlements because it is the only European country that allows a collective settlement in a mass litigation to be binding on all class members who do not opt-out of the
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-029
text: The WCAM's structural limits could reduce the number of successful settlements: while the largest cases such as Shell and Fortis give plaintiffs enough leverage to force large settlements, smaller cases may not be successfully settled in Dutch courts.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: smaller claims with limited settlement leverage
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2029983-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While the largest cases, such as Shell and Fortis, would probably still provide sufficient lev- erage for the plaintiffs to result in large settlements with de- fendants, smaller cases may not be successfully settled in Dutch courts.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2029983-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2029983-031
text: Morrison's transactional test could prove relatively short lived because it is rooted in geography while an increasing number of securities transactions defy geographical boundaries.
claim type: predictive
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: transactions off organized exchanges and on exchanges that cross borders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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id: kaal:claim:2029983-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The transactional test in Morrison could be relatively short lived because it is rooted in geography and an increasing num- ber of securities transactions defy geographical boundaries.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-005
text: Because most national crisis responses took the form of public bail-outs adopted without broad international consensus, they increased the threat of international regulatory arbitrage and damaged the global competitiveness of national financial markets.
claim type: mechanism
topics: systemic-risk
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: crisis-era emergency measures adopted without international coordination
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:2061166-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Most national measures took the form of public bail-outs without broad international consensus,44 thereby increasing the threat of international regulatory arbitrage as well as negatively impacting the global competitiveness of national financial markets.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-006
text: Mutual recognition of countercyclical capital buffers hollows out the national discretion the Commission proposal appears to grant: the financially strongest Member States with the largest financial sectors will effectively set the buffer size for smaller Member States whose institutions do business there.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: countercyclical buffers up to the 2.5 percent mutual recognition ceiling
scope conditions: institutions with branches or subsidiaries in the buffer-setting Member State
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2061166-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Therefore, the financially stronger Member States with the largest financial sectors may dictate the size of countercyclical buffers for smaller Member States, thereby practically reducing any proposed national discretion.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-007
text: Even the residual national discretion to set countercyclical buffers between 2.5 and 5 percent is misleading, because a Member State such as the United Kingdom is unlikely to sustain a 5 percent buffer while Germany requires only 2.5 percent and thereby hands German banks a competitive advantage.
claim type: predictive
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: buffers set above the 2.5 percent mutual recognition ceiling
scope conditions: competing national banking sectors, especially where the state holds bank ownership stakes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2061166-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The Commission proposal explicitly allows Member States to implement countercyclical buffers of up to 5%, but limits mutual recognition to the 2.5% ceiling. Even in these instances, the proposed discretion may be misleading.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-010
text: Reliance on public bail-outs, unaccompanied by any threat that management, shareholders and creditors would share significant losses, created an asymmetric incentive for excessive risk taking by financial institutions.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: Germany and the United States during the height of the financial crisis
scope conditions: where insolvency was not a credible threat
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2061166-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The reliance on a public bail-out without the threat of any significant losses shared by management, shareholders and creditors may have created an asymmetric incentive for excessive risk taking by financial institutions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-012
text: The German provision allowing appropriate compensation of shareholders whose rights are impaired can defeat the statute's own purpose, because time is of the essence in bank reorganization and the appointment of a court-appointed expert to value shareholder claims may significantly slow the procedure.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: corporate-governance
topics: economics
scope conditions: reorganization procedure under the German Financial Institution Reorganization Act
scope conditions: where shareholders' rights are permanently impaired by the plan
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2061166-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Time is of the essence in any bank reorganization and the appointment of an expert may significantly slow down the procedure, making it less effective.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-014
text: Because German law fixes no threshold conditions or determining factors for market reception or market confidence, the systemic relevance and contagion determinations that turn on those factors can never be made in a reliable and objective manner.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: economics
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: determination of systemic threat under the German Banking Act
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2061166-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The German law does not stipulate any threshold conditions or determining factors for market reception or confidence. As a result, it will always be difficult to determine any of these factors in a reliable and objective manner.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-021
text: Contingent capital supports general risk control and reduces moral hazard by holding shareholders responsible and internalizing the costs of bank failure rather than externalizing them onto taxpayers.
claim type: mechanism
topics: contingent-capital
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2061166-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Contingent capital may also support general risk control in financial institutions454 and may contribute to minimizing moral hazard by holding shareholders responsible and internalizing bank failure costs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-022
text: Because conversion carries a threat of loss and implicit dilution of stock holdings, contingent capital reduces shareholders' incentive to push management toward higher risk in pursuit of higher returns.
claim type: mechanism
topics: contingent-capital
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: conversion terms that dilute existing equity holders
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2061166-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, given the threat of loss due to conversion and the implicit dilution of stock holdings, contingent capital has the potential to reduce incentives for shareholders to encourage management to take higher risks for higher returns.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-029
text: Building critical mass in the contingent capital securities market could require banks and other financial institutions to buy their competitors' contingent capital securities, which would raise ethical, antitrust and incentive concerns.
claim type: failure
topics: contingent-capital
topics: reputation
topics: economics
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: where non-bank demand is insufficient to absorb issuance volumes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:2061166-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Developing a critical mass for the market in contingent capital securities could require banks and other financial institutions to purchase their competitors' contingent capital securities.533 That could raise ethical, antitrust, and incentive concerns.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2061166-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-034
text: A second, sequential trigger placed before reorganization or resolution cushions the risk that policy makers misstructure the first trigger, absorbing the negative effects of inadequate or untimely conversion at the moment the institution needs capital.
claim type: design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: systemic-risk
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: contingent capital with sequential triggers spanning going and gone concern
scope conditions: where the first trigger proves unsuccessful
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2061166-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Given the risk that policy makers may not structure the trigger appropriately, the negative effects of inadequate or untimely conversion of debt into equity at a time when the company requires a capital injection could be cushioned with a second trigger
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-001
text: Early European initiatives to put contingent convertible bonds into executive pay lack governance-improving designs; contingent convertible bonds with an early conversion trigger should be used in executive compensation instead.
claim type: design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: systemically important financial institutions
scope conditions: executive compensation packages
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2097160-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Early initiatives by European SIFIs to include contingent convertible bonds in executive compensation packages lack governance-improving designs. This Article suggests the use of contingent convertible bonds with an early conversion trigger in executive compensation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-003
text: Contingent convertible bonds placed in executive compensation serve a different purpose than those sold to investors: the point is not capital infusion during a crisis but governance-improving design that optimizes management incentives.
claim type: definitional
topics: contingent-capital
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: contingent convertible bonds held by executives rather than outside investors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2097160-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: bonds issued to investors, the emphasis for contingent convertible bonds in executive compensation is not on a capital infusion when the Systematically Important Financial Institution (SIFI) is in a crisis,13 but rather on governance-improving designs to help optimize management's incentives.14
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-005
text: Market solutions and private ordering alone are unlikely to produce contingent capital designs that improve corporate governance in SIFIs, because privately negotiated sales so far have not produced governance-sensitive designs.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: contingent-capital
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: market for contingent convertible bonds still in its infancy
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2097160-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It is doubtful if market solutions and private ordering alone will produce contingent capital designs that help improve corporate governance in SIFIs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-006
text: Analyzing executive compensation as a single contract between an executive agent and a corporate principal fails, because it ignores the informal relational element of the principal agent relationship that often overshadows the legal terms of the agreement.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: executive compensation contracts
scope conditions: classical contract model or spot contract model
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:2097160-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Using a model for the analysis of executive contracts that is based on the single contract between the executive–agent and corporation–principal would ignore the informal relational element of this principal– agent relationship.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-007
text: Control rights in executive compensation contracts cannot sufficiently constrain ex post opportunism by executives, because of incomplete information, information asymmetry, bounded rationality, limited foresight, and transaction costs.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: principal agent relationship under incomplete contracting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:2097160-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: bounded rationality of contracting parties, the parties' limited cognition and foresight, and transaction costs, control rights in executive compensation contracts cannot account sufficiently for ex post opportunism of agents.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-011
text: A contingent capital award to executives without a conversion feature yields only limited governance improvement and only limited incentive to lower risk-taking; in its current form it operates as a mere compensation supplement.
claim type: failure
topics: contingent-capital
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: contingent capital awards without conversion into equity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2097160-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Barclays's issuance of contingent convertible bonds without a conversion feature to its executives shows limited governance improvements. Without a conversion to equity, Barclays provides only limited incentives for its executives to lower risk-taking.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-019
text: Because conversion damages both the debt portion and the surviving equity portion of an executive's package at the moment equity matters most for total pay, the combined effect is a strong incentive for executives to lower risk in order to avoid the triggering event.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: contingent-capital
scope conditions: executive package combines contingent convertible bonds with equity-based compensation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:2097160-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: convertible bonds portion is converted and when equity is increasingly important to maintain the overall value of executive compensation.174 The combined effect could be a strong incentive for executives to take lower risks in order to avoid the triggering event.175
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-024
text: Before conversion, executives holding securities with long-term maturities and coupon payments have incentives to manage the company with debt-holders' interests in mind.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: before any conversion into equity
scope conditions: strength depends on the proportion of debt in the package
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:2097160-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because executives would be holding securities with long-term maturities and coupon payments, executives would have incentives to manage the company with the interests of debt-holders in mind.184
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-038
text: Trigger designs that work well in institutions with the traditional mix of debt-holders and shareholders may be suboptimal once executives themselves hold contingent convertible bonds.
claim type: condition
topics: contingent-capital
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: executives hold debt instruments in the form of contingent convertible bonds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2097160-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Trigger designs that may work well in financial institutions with the traditional mix of debt- holders and shareholders may be suboptimal if executives also hold debt instruments in the form of contingent convertible bonds.275
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2097160-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2097160-040
text: An early trigger design for contingent convertible bonds in executive compensation enables earlier signaling of default risk, increases incentives for creditors and shareholders to monitor, and increases executives' incentives to lower risk-taking.
claim type: design
topics: contingent-capital
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2097160-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Contingent convertible bonds with an early trigger design enable earlier signaling of default risk; they provide increased incentives for monitoring by creditors and shareholders as well as incentives for executives to lower their risk-taking.282
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-003
text: The client counting safe harbor, which let an adviser count a pooled entity rather than each investor as a single client, allowed advisers to manage large amounts of securities indirectly for several hundreds of investors across multiple hedge funds while remaining outside registration and supervision.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: under the 1985 safe harbor as broadened in 1997
scope conditions: before the Dodd-Frank Act repealed the private adviser exemption
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2150377-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This safe harbor allowed investment advisers to manage large amounts of securities indirectly for several hundreds of investors in several hedge funds.53
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-006
text: The SEC's 2004 attempt to reach hedge fund advisers failed as a matter of administrative law: in July 2006 the D.C. Circuit vacated the hedge fund rule in Goldstein v. SEC as an instance of arbitrary rulemaking, because the SEC had no authority to define a term the Advisers Act left undefined.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: SEC rulemaking under the Investment Advisers Act
scope conditions: where the statutory term client is not otherwise defined
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2150377-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Eventually, in July 2006, the D.C. Circuit in Goldstein v. SEC vacated the hedge fund rule as an instance of arbitrary rulemaking by the SEC.71
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-010
text: Form PF reporting achieves broad coverage of systemic exposure with narrow coverage of firms: the SEC expects the small set of large filers to account for eighty percent of total hedge fund assets under management in the United States.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: advisers with at least $1.5 billion in RAUM attributable to hedge funds
scope conditions: SEC estimates at the time of Form PF adoption
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2150377-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The SEC expects this relatively small number of advisers to account for 80% of total hedge fund assets under management in the United States.145
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-011
text: Quarterly rather than annual Form PF updating for large hedge fund advisers is designed for timeliness: its purpose is to give the Financial Stability Oversight Council data current enough to identify emerging trends in systemic risk.
claim type: design
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: advisers with at least $1.5 billion RAUM attributable to hedge funds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2150377-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Mandatory quarterly reporting for large hedge fund advisers in the United States aligns with international trends and is intended "to provide the FSOC with timely data to identify emerging trends in systemic risk."151
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-013
text: The hedge fund industry's concern with confidentiality and privacy is itself an obstacle to empirical research: it made obtaining a substantial effective sample size for this study difficult, independent of the survey design.
claim type: failure
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: research-methods
topics: disclosure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: surveys of hedge fund managers
scope conditions: questions touching firm or client financial status
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2150377-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Given the particular concern in the hedge fund industry regarding confidentiality and privacy, obtaining a substantial effective sample size for this study proved difficult.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-015
text: Mandated disclosure does not automatically produce usable public data: although Form ADV requires advisers to disclose chief compliance officer contact information, the SEC dataset omitted it and contained no e-mail addresses, so researchers could not reach the officers responsible for compliance.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: disclosure
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: the IARD dataset and filed Form ADVs as of 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2150377-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Although Form ADV requires advisers to disclose the contact information for their chief compliance officer, the dataset provided by the SEC did not list this information and did not include e-mail addresses.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-016
text: The standard remedies for selection bias are not reliably corrective: simulation studies show that many techniques used to prevent selection bias problems have mixed success rates, can worsen rather than improve estimates, and may skew results under ordinary circumstances.
claim type: failure
topics: research-methods
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: law-and-legal-systems
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id: kaal:claim:2150377-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Simulation studies have shown that many of the techniques used to prevent selection bias problems have mixed success rates, can worsen rather than improve estimates, and may skew results under ordinary circumstances.187
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-028
text: Where the Form PF quarterly reporting threshold does influence behavior, it distorts fund size downward: a majority of the advisers who take the threshold into account plan to stay under $1.5 billion in assets under management, and some would close funds to new investors to do so.
claim type: mechanism
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scope conditions: the 19.54% of respondents who would take the Form PF threshold into account
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:2150377-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A majority of those respondents who would take it into account plan to stay under the Form PF threshold for quarterly reporting of $1.5 billion AUM.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-033
type: Claim
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text: Respondents identified the creation of barriers to entry as an industry level effect of the registration and disclosure requirements, because the rules make the market environment for private funds less attractive to new entrants.
claim type: failure
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topics: private-funds
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: compliance
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attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:2150377-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Another response cluster that merits mentioning is the creation of barriers to entry for other funds because of a less attractive market environment for private funds as a result of the registration and disclosure requirements.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2150377-034
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text: The compliance burden has raised the minimum viable scale for launching a hedge fund: an adviser reports that the capital needed to start a fund in New York rose from roughly $25 to $50 million to at least $100 million because of the increased cost of compliance with the registration and disclosure requirements.
claim type: empirical
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topics: innovation
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topics: empirical-evidence
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attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:2150377-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It used to take 25– 50 mil. to start a hedge fund in NY and then buil[d] a record and grow. Today it is at least 100 mil. [b]ecause of the increased cost of compliance with the registration and disclosure requirements.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-007
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text: The feedback effect between different public rulemakers and between private and public rulemakers reduces incomplete information, which in turn enables the rulemaker to modify the next action in the rulemaking process.
claim type: mechanism
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attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The feedback effect increases the availability of relevant information for rulemaking. At the same time, the reduction of incomplete information in the rulemaking process enables the rulemaker to modify the next action in the rulemaking process.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-009
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text: Rules with suboptimal characteristics are themselves the product of institutional arrangements and reinforce those suboptimal institutional arrangements and rulemaking processes, creating a self-perpetuating feedback loop.
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-009:source-passage
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text: Rules with suboptimal characteristics are the results of institutional arrangements and reinforce suboptimal institutional arrangements and rulemaking processes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-016
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text: Because feedback effects increase the availability of relevant, decentralized, and timely information, rulemakers can predict unforeseen contingencies and adjust their actions ex-ante to avoid complex reforms and unwanted consequences.
claim type: mechanism
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because the feedback effects in dynamic regulation allow rulemakers to increase the availability of relevant, decentralized, and timely information for rulemaking, rulemakers can predict unforeseen contingencies and adjust their actions ex-ante to avoid complex reforms.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-028
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text: The feedback process between public and private rulemakers increases the availability, timeliness, and quality of information available to the public rulemaker, which induces and supports a learning process and creates incentives for that learning.
claim type: mechanism
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topics: dynamic-regulation
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The feedback process between public and private rulemakers increases the availability, timeliness, and quality of information available to the public rulemaker. This induces and supports the learning process for the public rulemaker.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-029
type: Claim
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text: Competition between legislators does not necessarily provide a feedback process in the sense of cooperation, but it nevertheless provides incentives for public rulemakers to consider regulatory solutions from other jurisdictions.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
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topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the competition between legislators does not necessarily provide a feedback process in the sense of cooperation, (Kirchner, Painter and Kaal 2005; Carbonara and Parisi 2008; Kerber 2000; Heine and Kerber 2002), it can nevertheless provide incentives for public rulemakers to consider regulatory
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-032
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text: Information exchange between agents of public rulemakers, such as regulators, will not necessarily involve decentralized information, unlike feedback effects between private and public rulemakers.
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike the feedback effects between private and public rulemakers, the information exchange between agents of public rulemakers, such as regulators, will not necessarily involve decentralized information.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-043
type: Claim
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text: The availability of information generated through the dynamic feedback process cannot be optimized at any given point in time, because the feedback effect is intended to perpetually reinforce itself.
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topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-043:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the availability of information generated through this process cannot be optimized at any given point in time.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-046
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2267560-046
text: Dynamic regulation helps rulemakers anticipate how institutions will react to circumstances as they arise, because the feedback process provides decentralized, timely, and institution-specific information, allowing rules to be adjusted ex-ante in anticipation of future contingencies.
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topics: institutional-design
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attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-046:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Dynamic regulation helps rulemakers anticipate how institutions will react to circumstances as they arise because the feedback process provides decentralized, timely, and institution-specific information for rulemaking. Rules are adjusted ex-ante in anticipation of future contingencies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-048
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2267560-048
text: The feedback process in dynamic regulation may be viewed as a focal point or principle for rulemaking, enabling rulemakers to provide for contingencies ex-ante and to adopt rules that are applicable and adaptable to future states of the world.
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topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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id: kaal:claim:2267560-048:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Dynamic regulation as a focal point or principle enables rulemakers to adapt to contingencies if and when they arise because the feedback effect provides relevant, timely, decentralized, and institution-specific information for rulemaking.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2267560-050
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2267560-050
text: The feedback effect in dynamic regulation, as part of the organizational culture of rulemaking, may allow cooperation and coordination not only among private actors but also among public rulemakers and between private and public rulemakers.
claim type: predictive
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:2267560-050:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: rulemaking may allow cooperation and coordination not only among private actors but also among public rulemakers and between private and public rulemakers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-001
text: Governance adjustments enacted via stable rules in reaction to financial crises are inevitably followed by relaxation, revision, and retraction of those rules.
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topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies to rules enacted as a reaction to financial crises
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:2273857-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Governance adjustments via stable rules in reaction to financial crises are inevitably followed by relaxation, revision, and retraction.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-005
text: Since 2002 United States corporate governance has been substantially upgraded twice in response to crises, following more than seventy years of comparative regulatory inactivity, a concentration of regulatory activity in a short timespan that is itself striking.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: United States corporate governance regime
scope conditions: period since 2002
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2273857-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Since 2002, corporate governance in the United States has been, not just once but twice, substantially upgraded in response to crises, after more than seventy years of comparative regulatory inactivity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-006
text: The existing literature on financial regulation has not adequately addressed the underlying causes and consequences of cyclical regulation.
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2273857-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The literature on financial regulation may not have addressed the underlying causes and consequences of cyclical regulation adequately.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-028
text: The regulatory sine curve is the pattern of governance adjustments made in reaction to financial crises together with the inevitable relaxation, revision, and retraction of the rules enacted as part of that adjustment.
claim type: definitional
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2273857-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The regulatory sine curve describes governance adjustments in reaction to financial crises and the inevitable relaxation, revision, and retraction of rules that were enacted as part of the governance adjustment.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-030
text: In the absence of crises the intensity of regulation diminishes, because regulators cannot commit to long-term regulatory strategies and instead fall back on private strategies such as self-regulation to overcome resource constraints.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: non-crisis periods
scope conditions: regulators facing resource constraints
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2273857-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the absence of crises, however, the intensity of regulation diminishes because regulators are unable to commit to long-term regulatory strategies and instead use private strategies like self-regulation to overcome resource constraints.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-036
text: The partial repeal of Section 404 of Sarbanes-Oxley through the Dodd-Frank Act illustrates that broad rules enacted during times of political expediency are often later retracted.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: broad rules enacted under political expediency
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2273857-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The partial repeal of section 404 of SOX70 via the Dodd-Frank Act is another example that illustrates how broad rules enacted during times of political expediency are often later retracted.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-053
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-053
text: The core problem for financial regulation is timing: governance improvements are not enacted before crises when they are most needed, because the collective action problem makes financial regulation mostly reactive and tied to business cycles.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: regulatory-failure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2273857-053:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A core problem for financial regulation is its timing. Governance improvements are not enacted when they are most needed - before crises. Rather, because of the collective action problem, financial regulation is mostly reactive, following business cycles.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-058
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-058
text: Managers are incentivized to manage their institutions so as to avoid contingent capital triggers, and that incentive itself can optimize the governance of financial institutions.
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topics: contingent-capital
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: CoCos are outstanding with credible trigger terms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2273857-058:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Managers are incentivized to manage their respective entities to avoid CoCo triggers, which can help optimize governance of financial institutions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-061
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-061
text: Prosecutors negotiating deferred prosecution agreements may lack the expertise needed to negotiate high level corporate governance changes such as personnel changes and internal corporate and compliance procedures.
claim type: failure
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: deferred prosecution agreements negotiated by prosecutors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2273857-061:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While prosecutors may not have the necessary expertise to negotiate high level corporate governance changes, such as personnel changes and internal corporate and compliance procedures
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2273857-064
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2273857-064
text: Corporate integrity agreements improve corporate governance because the ease of reopened prosecution, increased government scrutiny, and the potential for crippling penalties improve boards' and managements' knowledge of pertinent issues in the institution and its monitoring.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: institution operating under a corporate integrity agreement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2273857-064:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The ease of prosecution, the increased scrutiny by the government, and the potential for crippling penalties can improve boards' and managements' knowledge of pertinent issues in the institution and its monitoring. CIAs can, thus, improve corporate governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-006
text: Although CIAs sit outside the formal legal framework that defines fiduciary duties, they belong to the penumbra of extra legal forces that clarifies what is expected of directors.
claim type: design
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topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: fiduciary duty law understood as supplemented by extra legal forces
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While CIAs are outside the traditional legal framework that formally defines fiduciary duties, they fit into the penumbra of extra-legal forces11 that helps to clarify the expectations for directors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-017
text: A CIA raises the stakes for directors who would otherwise neglect their governance responsibilities, because the agreement puts the company effectively on parole and gives the government direct access that facilitates detection of compliance failures.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: companies operating under an executed CIA
scope conditions: OIG inspection and site visit rights
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A CIA increases the stakes for directors choosing to eschew their governance responsibilities. A company operating under a CIA is essentially on parole.55 CIAs give the government direct access to a health care corporation, facilitating the detection of compliance issues.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-024
type: Claim
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text: Although CIAs are not laws, they go beyond aspirational governance standards because they set forth concrete governance rules that more clearly define the duties to be informed, to exercise oversight, and to maintain effective reporting systems, thereby requiring a higher standard of care.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
scope conditions: directors of companies operating under a CIA
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Although CIAs are not laws, they do go beyond aspirational governance standards. CIAs set forth concrete governance rules that expand the fiduciary duties of directors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-028
text: Because CIAs mandate a chief compliance officer and dictate how that officer interacts with the board, they increase the board's knowledge and monitoring of compliance, and a board possessing such knowledge should play a bigger role in ensuring that the company meets federal and state standards.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: corporate-governance
topics: citation-and-knowledge
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: More specifically, because CIAs often mandate a CCO and dictate how the CCO interacts with the board, CIAs can increase boards' knowledge and monitoring of the company's compliance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-032
text: When a company operates under a CIA, the judicial distinction between the law and aspirational corporate governance becomes less clear.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: compliance
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, when a company is operating under a CIA, the distinction between the law and aspirational governance is less clear.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-033
text: In re Pfizer stipulates that for a company that executed a CIA the court will allow an assumption that the directors were fully informed and therefore willing participants in the corporate malfeasance, so that the CIAs themselves became the court's proof that the directors could have breached their fiduciary duties.
claim type: mechanism
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: corporate-governance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: In re Pfizer, 722 F. Supp. 2d 453 (S.D.N.Y. 2010)
scope conditions: boards obligated by prior CIAs to monitor the very conduct alleged
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2317580-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The court stipulates that in the case of a company that executed a CIA, it will allow an assumption that the directors were fully informed, and thus, willing participants in the corporate malfeasance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-035
text: Courts assume that the boards of companies that executed a CIA have more knowledge and can exercise more control, and therefore hold those directors to a heightened fiduciary duty, rejecting directors' claims of ignorance because executing a CIA or a CIA like agreement means directors do know or should know about the noncompliance.
claim type: mechanism
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: corporate-governance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: compliance
scope conditions: companies that executed a CIA or a comparable agreement such as a voluntary compliance plan
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To summarize, courts assume that the boards of companies that executed a CIA have more knowledge and can exercise more control and should thus act with a heightened fiduciary duty. Directors are held to a higher standard if the company executed a CIA.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-038
text: Governance of health care providers is distinctively complicated because directors must balance patients, physicians, taxpayers, the government, and shareholders, and substantial government involvement and liability through Medicare and Medicaid make the taxpaying public a stakeholder.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: directors of health care corporations
scope conditions: Medicare and Medicaid participation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Substantial government involvement and liability through Medicare and Medicaid further complicates governance of health care providers because the taxpaying public is a stakeholder.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-039
text: As a unique hybrid category, CIAs transcend both the law of fiduciary duties and aspirational corporate governance, and courts may come to interpret CIAs and other hybrid forms such as deferred prosecution agreements as expanding the basic legal duty of care.
claim type: predictive
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: continued judicial recognition of CIAs and voluntary compliance plans
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2317580-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Given the characteristics of CIAs and courts' increasing recognition of CIAs and VCPs, courts may interpret CIAs and other hybrid forms, such as deferred prosecution agreements, as expanding the basic legal duty of care.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2317580-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-040
text: More research and empirical work is needed to determine how CIAs and other hybrid forms may change or expand directors' obligations.
claim type: normative
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:2317580-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: More research and empirical work may be needed to explore how CIAs and other hybrid forms may change or expand directors' obligations.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-002
text: The IAA restricts the assignment of advisory contracts without client consent in order to protect investors against changes in the character or quality of the advisory services they contracted for.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: contracts between investment advisers and their clients
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2337268-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, to protect investors against changes in the character or quality of advisory services, the IAA prohibits the assignment of contracts with clients unless the
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-004
text: Investment adviser status under the IAA requires that the advice concern a security; without a security in the dealings between adviser and client the statutory definition does not apply.
claim type: condition
topics: private-funds
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: classification of a person as an investment adviser under the IAA
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:2337268-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Providing investment advice and being considered an investment adviser under the IAA requires that a person renders advice with regard to a security.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-008
text: Proof of special compensation is a necessary condition for classifying a broker dealer as an investment adviser, and the burden of proving both special compensation and that the advice exceeded the incidental is on the plaintiff.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: broker dealers whose advisory services are solely incidental to brokerage
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2337268-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A broker-dealer cannot be classified as an investment adviser without proof of special compensation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-009
text: Congress created distinct hedge fund adviser categories in Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act because it recognized that not all hedge fund advisers pose the same systemic risks and therefore do not all require the same level of oversight.
claim type: mechanism
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: hedge fund advisers under Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2337268-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: When it passed the Dodd-Frank Act,17 Congress recognized that not all hedge fund advisers pose the same systemic risks and therefore require the same level of oversight. Congress therefore created different hedge fund adviser categories in Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act.18
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-010
text: Title IV and the SEC forms use assets under management as a proxy for systemic threat, so that disclosure obligations scale upward with the size of the hedge fund adviser.
claim type: design
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: hedge fund advisers categorized by AUM under Title IV
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2337268-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: forms suggest that the larger the hedge fund advisers, as measured by their assets under management (AUM), the higher the possible systemic threat the respective fund poses. Accordingly, the disclosure requirements increase with the AUM size of hedge fund advisers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-012
text: Where a state does not provide sufficient regulation of mid-sized investment advisers, oversight reverts to the SEC, so state level regulatory gaps trigger a federal backstop rather than leaving advisers unsupervised.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: mid-sized investment advisers
scope conditions: states whose regulation is deemed insufficient
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2337268-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Should a particular state not provide sufficient regulation, the SEC will oversee the mid-sized investment adviser.22
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-018
text: Registration is the gateway that makes data collection and enhanced disclosure by hedge fund managers possible, and the Dodd-Frank Act raised disclosure requirements for registered advisers specifically to address systemic risk concerns.
claim type: mechanism
topics: securities-law
topics: disclosure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: registered investment advisers after the Dodd-Frank Act
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2337268-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The registration of investment advisers facilitates the collection of data and enhanced disclosure by hedge fund managers. The Dodd-Frank Act increased the disclosure requirements for registered investment advisers to address concerns over systemic risk.40
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-032
text: The Dodd-Frank Act tightened custodial practice by requiring safeguards for client assets and verification by independent accountants, a response to concerns over theft and client exposure to Ponzi schemes.
claim type: design
topics: defi
scope conditions: investment advisers with custody of client assets after 2010
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2337268-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In 2010, in an effort to address concerns over theft and to lower clients' exposure to the risks of Ponzi schemes, the Dodd-Frank Act amended the IAA, heightening custodial practices by requiring safeguards for client assets and the use of independent accountants to verify assets.96
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-036
text: Because investment advisers owe a duty to obtain best execution for customer orders, they ought to evaluate the executions carried out on their clients' behalf on a periodic basis.
claim type: normative
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: advisers placing or directing client orders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2337268-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: investment advisers are subject to a duty to obtain the best execution for customer orders,103 investment advisers ought to periodically evaluate the executions on behalf of their clients.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2337268-043
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2337268-043
text: Referral fees to third parties are permitted only if the recipients are bona fide persons under securities laws, the fees are disclosed to the adviser's clients, and the fees are paid under a written agreement.
claim type: condition
topics: disclosure
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: referral fees paid by investment advisers to third parties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2337268-043:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Advisers may pay referral fees provided the referral fee recipients are bona fide persons under securities laws, the fees have been disclosed to the investment adviser's clients, and the fees are paid in accordance with a written agreement.113
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-001
text: There is a substantial overlap between the systemic risk disclosure requirements imposed on hedge fund advisers under Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act and the disclosure requirements under the fully revised version of Bankruptcy Rule 2019.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: disclosure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: hedge fund advisers subject to Title IV reporting
scope conditions: creditors and groups covered by Revised Rule 2019 in chapter 9 and chapter 11 cases
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2348463-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The author provides evidence of a substantial overlap between systemic risk disclosure requirements under Title IV and the disclosure requirements under the fully-revised version of Bankruptcy Rule 2019 (Revised Rule 2019).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-002
text: Under the regulatory framework in place at the time of writing, the threat that hedge funds' systemic risk filings could be publicly disclosed through the bankruptcy process will affect hedge funds' tactics and their role in distressed investing only marginally.
claim type: predictive
topics: systemic-risk
topics: disclosure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: current regulatory framework as of 2013 to 2014
scope conditions: Form PF disclosures not yet standardized by the SEC
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2348463-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the current regulatory framework, the threat of public disclosure of systemic risk filings by hedge funds via the bankruptcy process may only marginally affect hedge funds' tactics and their role in distressed investing.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-007
text: The SEC has not standardized the disclosures required in Form PF, and there is evidence that Form PF requirements rest on an inconsistent use of industry terms, which can in turn produce inconsistent and contradictory data reporting.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: disclosure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: Form PF as promulgated and in effect at the time of writing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2348463-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The SEC has not yet standardized the required disclosures in Form PF and there is some evidence that the disclosure requirements in Form PF are based on an inconsistent use of industry terms which may in turn result in inconsistent and perhaps contradictory data reporting.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-010
text: Old Bankruptcy Rule 2019 was applied inconsistently in practice, with courts interpreting it with a high degree of variability both across and within jurisdictions.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: period before the 2011 revision of Rule 2019
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2348463-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Old Rule 2019 had been applied inconsistently in practice. Courts interpreted old Rule 2019 with a high degree of variability, both across and within jurisdictions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-017
text: Mandatory quarterly Form PF reporting for large hedge fund advisers is designed to give the Financial Stability Oversight Council timely data for identifying emerging systemic risk trends and to align United States practice with international trends.
claim type: design
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: disclosure
topics: compliance
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: advisers with at least $1.5 billion regulatory assets under management attributable to hedge funds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2348463-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Mandatory quarterly reporting for large hedge fund advisers in the United States is intended to provide the FSOC with timely data to identify emerging trends in systemic risk and align with international trends.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-018
text: Bankruptcy and systemic risk disclosure obligations for hedge funds have different origins and serve different purposes: bankruptcy disclosure is meant to level the playing field in the restructuring process, while systemic risk disclosure is meant to help regulators detect and prevent systemic consequences.
claim type: definitional
topics: systemic-risk
topics: disclosure
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2348463-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Bankruptcy and systemic risk disclosure obligations for hedge funds have different origins and are intended for different purposes. Bankruptcy disclosures are generally intended to level the playing field in the bankruptcy and restructuring process.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-020
text: Data staleness degrades systemic risk evaluation more than it degrades evaluation of bankruptcy disclosures, because many distressed investment strategies depend on the outcome of the restructuring process and creditors are therefore incentivized to hold their positions until it completes.
claim type: mechanism
topics: systemic-risk
topics: compliance
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: distressed investment strategies tied to restructuring outcomes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2348463-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This lack of accuracy can affect systemic risk evaluation more than an evaluation of disclosures in the bankruptcy context because many distressed investment strategies depend on the outcome of the restructuring process
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-022
text: Form PF disclosures have not been standardized, and anecdotal evidence indicates that the SEC and the FSOC may be working with contradictory, misleading, inaccurate, and incomplete systemic risk data.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: research-methods
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: Form PF filings made under the initial implementation stages
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2348463-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Form PF disclosures have not yet been standardized, and anecdotal evidence suggests that the SEC and the FSOC could be working with contradictory, misleading, inaccurate, and incomplete systemic risk data in Form PF.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-023
text: Because the SEC is still working out the appropriate use of Form PF and still improving the form and its instructions, its enforcement division is unlikely to open investigations into alleged misreporting or failures to report.
claim type: predictive
topics: private-funds
topics: securities-law
topics: compliance
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: period while Form PF remains unstandardized
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2348463-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While the SEC is still ascertaining the appropriate use of Form PF and improving Form PF and the instructions to it, it is unlikely that the SEC's enforcement division will start investigations into alleged misreporting or failures to report.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2348463-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2348463-029
text: If Form PF systemic risk data became publicly available, or even only available to the presiding bankruptcy judge in a chapter 9 or chapter 11 case, the hedge fund industry's strong preference for secrecy could itself precipitate a change in distressed investment practices.
claim type: mechanism
topics: private-funds
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: public access or judge-only access to Form PF data
scope conditions: hedge fund industry retains its emphasis on secrecy
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2348463-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If systemic risk data in Form PF becomes publicly available or even only available to the respective bankruptcy judge in a chapter 9 or chapter 11 case, the hedge fund industry's penchant for secrecy could perhaps precipitate a change in hedge funds' distressed investment practices.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-002
text: Contrary to the hedge fund industry's claim that increased supervision and disclosure would harm profitability, the authors find statistical evidence that the Dodd-Frank Act requirements had a positive effect on hedge fund performance.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: disclosure
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: US hedge fund advisers subject to Title IV
scope conditions: sample period January to October 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389416-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Contrary to the hedge fund industry's claims that increased supervision and disclosure would affect their profitability, we find statistical evidence of a positive effect of the requirements introduced by the Dodd- Frank Act on hedge fund performance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-003
text: The hedge fund adviser registration requirement under the Dodd-Frank Act creates a discontinuity in hedge fund returns at the registration effective date of March 30, 2012.
claim type: empirical
topics: research-methods
topics: securities-law
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: threshold of $150 million assets under management
scope conditions: registration effective date March 30, 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389416-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The registration requirement for hedge fund advisers under the Dodd-Frank Act creates a discontinuity in hedge fund returns at the registration effective date, March 30, 2012.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-004
text: Strategic behavior by fund advisers around the assets under management registration threshold produces a strong increase in the measured discontinuity at that threshold.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: research-methods
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: advisers whose AUM floats above and below $150 million
scope conditions: months May through August 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2389416-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Strategic actions by fund advisers lead to a strong increase in the discontinuity around the AUM registration threshold.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-005
text: Dodd-Frank Act compliance costs reduce the profitability of hedge fund advisers' investment management companies, but registration and disclosure requirements do not appear to reduce the returns of the hedge funds themselves.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: distinction between adviser management company profits and fund returns
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389416-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, while Dodd-Frank Act compliance costs affect the profitability of hedge fund advisors' investment management companies, registration and disclosure requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act do not seem to affect the returns of hedge funds (Kaal 2013a).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-014
text: Most of the 87 strategic funds keep their AUM very close to the $150 million disclosure threshold, oscillating around it rather than moving decisively above or below it.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: strategic subsample of 87 funds
scope conditions: January to October 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2389416-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We notice that only few hedge funds sensibly decrease or increase their AUM under or above the threshold and then keep such position. Most funds in the sample have AUM very close to the threshold, with oscillations around it.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-015
text: The largest number of strategic funds moving their AUM below $150 million occurs in the April to May 2012 window, which suggests a lagged response to the March 30, 2012 registration effective date.
claim type: empirical
topics: securities-law
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: strategic subsample
scope conditions: period April to May 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2389416-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The largest positive spike, which corresponds to the largest number of funds that decreased their AUM below $150 million is in the period April-May 2012, possibly suggesting some lagged effect of the registration effective date for hedge fund advisers under the Dodd-Frank Act.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-029
text: The Dodd-Frank Act registration threshold creates incentives strong enough that some advisers opt out of registration and disclosure by strategically changing their AUM size to stay below $150 million.
claim type: mechanism
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: advisers with AUM floating around the $150 million threshold
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2389416-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It is possible that the enactment of the Dodd-Frank Act introduces incentives that are powerful enough to cause some hedge fund advisers to opt out of Dodd-Frank Act registration and disclosure through a strategic change of AUM size.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-031
text: Some large advisers reduce their AUM in the months from May to August 2012, which strongly increases the discontinuity around the registration threshold and separates the two groups more sharply, though the effect vanishes late in the sample period.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: strategic subsample of 87 advisers
scope conditions: May to August 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2389416-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In particular, some large advisers reduce their AUM. This leads to a strong increase in the discontinuity around the AUM registration threshold, suggesting a stronger separation between the two groups. The effect vanishes during the last months of our sample period.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-035
text: The difference-in-differences treatment effect is unstable over time: it loses significance in June and July 2012, then becomes significant again in August and September 2012 with negative coefficients and in October 2012 with a positive coefficient.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: monthly DiD regressions March to October 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2389416-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It loses significance in June and July, but it becomes significant again in August, September (with a negative coefficient) and October (with a positive coefficient).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389416-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389416-039
text: The mandatory registration requirement of the Dodd-Frank Act affects the hedge fund industry asymmetrically, with advisers whose AUM floats around the $150 million threshold showing evidence of strategic AUM reduction.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: advisers with AUM near the $150 million threshold
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2389416-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Our regression analysis also suggests that the mandatory registration requirement imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act affects the hedge fund industry asymmetrically.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-001
text: This study finds no evidence of an inverse relationship between the size of regulated hedge fund advisers and the per-unit cost of compliance, contrary to the common complaint that financial regulation brings increasing returns to scale.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: survey data collected after the March 2012 registration effective date for hedge fund advisers under Title IV
scope conditions: hedge fund advisers, not banks
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389423-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The author finds no evidence of an inverse relationship between the size of regulated hedge fund advisers and the per-unit cost of compliance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-002
text: The cost of Title IV compliance, and the other independent variables used as proxies for compliance cost, are associated with the size of hedge fund advisers as measured by assets under management.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: research-methods
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: survey respondents registered before the SEC registration effective date of March 30, 2012
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389423-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The cost of Title IV compliance and other independent variables as proxies for cost are associated with the size of hedge fund advisers as measured by assets under management (AUM).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-003
text: Anecdotal evidence suggests that Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act more than doubled the market entry threshold requirements for smaller hedge fund advisers.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
topics: economics
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: market entry for new hedge fund advisers after the Dodd-Frank Act
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389423-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Anecdotal evidence suggests that Title IV more than doubled the market entry threshold requirements for smaller hedge fund advisers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-005
text: Below $100 million in initial assets under management, the administrative cost of running a hedge fund in a post Dodd-Frank environment could be prohibitive.
claim type: condition
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: hedge fund advisers with initial AUM below $100 million
scope conditions: post Dodd-Frank regulatory environment
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2389423-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Below $100 million in initial assets under management (AUM), the administrative cost of running a hedge fund in a post Dodd-Frank environment could be prohibitive (Kaal [2013]).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-007
text: A disproportionate effect of Title IV on startup hedge funds and smaller advisers could create barriers to market entry and precipitate a trend toward consolidation among smaller hedge fund advisers.
claim type: predictive
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: innovation
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: conditional on Title IV compliance cost falling disproportionately on smaller advisers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2389423-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A disproportionate effect of Title IV on startup hedge funds and smaller advisers could create barriers to market entry and precipitate a trend toward consolidation among smaller hedge fund advisers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-008
text: A surplus of larger private fund advisers holding correspondingly larger amounts of assets under management could increase systemic risk, so a regulation that consolidates the industry may work against its own systemic risk objective.
claim type: predictive
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: if Title IV compliance cost drives consolidation toward larger advisers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2389423-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A surplus of larger private fund advisers with correspondingly larger amounts in AUM could increase systemic risk.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-010
text: Because there is no evidence of an inverse relationship between adviser size and per-unit compliance cost, industry concerns over the effect of Title IV compliance cost and possible barriers to entry for smaller funds and startups appear unjustified.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: hedge fund advisers in the 2012 survey sample
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2389423-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, industry concerns over the effect of Title IV compliance cost and possible barriers to entry for smaller funds and startups seem to be unjustified.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-013
text: Registered investment advisers must report systemic risk relevant information to the SEC, including trading practices, trading and investment positions, the amount of assets under management, valuation policies, and side letters.
claim type: definitional
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: disclosure
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: investment advisers registered under Title IV
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389423-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Investment advisers must provide reports with respect to certain information related to systemic risk (Dodd-Frank § 404(b)(3)), such as trading practices, trading and investment positions, the amount of AUM, valuation policies, side letters
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-015
text: Prior work shows that registration and the increased compliance requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act only marginally increase the cost structure of hedge funds.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: securities-law
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: hedge funds subject to Dodd-Frank Act registration requirements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389423-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act marginally increase the cost structure of hedge funds (Kaal [2013]).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2389423-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2389423-016
text: Linear, robust, and non-linear regression models all show positive and statistically significant coefficients, and compliance costs per unit of AUM do not diminish in the sample, so the hypothesis that smaller advisers pay relatively more is not supported.
claim type: empirical
topics: research-methods
topics: compliance
scope conditions: the 2012 survey sample of registered private fund advisers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2389423-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Figures X and Y show that linear, robust, and non-linear regression models show positive and statistically significant coefficients. Compliance costs per unit AUM do not diminish in the sample. There is thus no support for the hypothesis.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-004
text: If advisers' allegations that Form PF disclosures cannot be answered other than by guessing are correct, then the SEC's capacity to evaluate the data is compromised, and regulation built on incomplete and misleading data will itself be questionable.
claim type: mechanism
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: conditional on the accuracy of anecdotal reports from advisers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2447306-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If these allegations should be true, the SEC's ability to evaluate and assess the data could be compromised. The use of incomplete and misleading data could lead to the development of questionable policies and regulations applicable to the private fund industry.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-007
text: Enlarging the sample does not cure selection bias in non-statistical sampling: a bigger sample neither compensates for the bias of non-statistical techniques nor guarantees that the sample is representative.
claim type: failure
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: non-statistical or haphazard sampling techniques
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2447306-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Increasing the sample size does not necessarily compensate for the potential selection bias of non-statistical techniques or guarantee the representativeness of the sample.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-009
text: The near identity between respondents who reported completing Sections 2 through 5 of Form PF and respondents who reported quarterly filing shows the answers are internally consistent, which the author treats as evidence that the survey responses carry above average reliability.
claim type: empirical
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: private-funds
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: comparison of survey Questions 2 and 3
scope conditions: n=52 respondents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 9

id: kaal:claim:2447306-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The comparison of Questions 2 and 3 thus illustrates that the responses to both questions are internally consistent. The internal consistency of these responses suggests that the survey responses have an above average reliability.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-011
text: Advisers themselves understand Form PF's purpose the way the statute frames it: most respondents identified assessing systemic risk and closing the historical information gap about private funds as the form's purpose.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: responses to survey Question 10
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2447306-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Most advisers assert that the purpose of Form PF is to assess systemic risk and address the lack of information regarding private funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-022
text: Asked what the SEC should fix first, respondents named the burdensome nature and the ambiguity of Form PF as the most pressing issues, not the substance of what is disclosed.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: responses to survey Question 9
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2447306-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Respondents identified the burdensome nature and the ambiguity of Form PF as the most pressing issues with Form PF.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-024
text: Form PF's definition of leverage is overinclusive: respondents reported that it is inappropriately constructed and sweeps in funds that use neither leverage nor derivative securities.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: responses to follow-up survey Question 6b(ii)
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2447306-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Several respondents suggested that the definition of leverage is inappropriately constructed and can include funds that don't use leverage or any derivative securities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-025
text: Regulatory assets under management is an unstable reporting concept: commenters split evenly on whether Form PF's RAUM questions required them to interpret the term in order to answer.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: responses to survey Question 19
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2447306-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Commenters were equally split on whether Form PF questions pertaining to calculating RAUM required filers to interpret RAUM for purposes of completing Form PF.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-027
text: Where SEC guidance failed, the failure was localized: respondents who found guidance inadequate pointed predominantly to Form PF Section 1c, Item B, which concerns information about the reporting fund.
claim type: empirical
topics: securities-law
topics: private-funds
topics: disclosure
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: respondents who rated SEC guidance inadequate
scope conditions: responses to survey Question 13b
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2447306-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The majority of the commenters who believed that SEC guidance was inadequate indicated that SEC guidance was particularly unclear with respect to Form PF Section 1c, Item B (regarding Reporting Funds).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-030
text: Regulatory flexibility can backfire: a category of respondents reported that the flexibility the SEC provides is not useful precisely because it is unclear and generates confusion.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: securities-law
topics: compliance
scope conditions: minority of respondents to survey Question 7a(ii)
scope conditions: low overall response rate to this question
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2447306-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Another category of responses indicated that the flexibility provided by the SEC is not useful because it is not clear and creates confusion.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2447306-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2447306-038
text: Respondents argued that the SEC's systemic risk objective would have been advanced more directly by asking a smaller set of targeted questions, emphasizing open derivatives positions, the entity's total market exposure, and its total underlying capital.
claim type: design
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
topics: economics
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: open-ended responses to survey Question 8b
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2447306-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the SEC's objective of limiting systemic risk could have been better more strongly advanced by asking questions in Form PF with an emphasis on open derivatives positions,56 total market exposure of the entity, and total underlying capital.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-001
text: The SEC data collected from private fund advisers feeds every stage of the FSOC's systemic risk assessment, and the FSOC leans most heavily on precisely those disclosure items that are the most problematic.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: private fund advisers reporting under SEC Form PF
scope conditions: FSOC systemic risk assessment of nonbank financial companies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2470008-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The author shows that while the SEC's data plays a crucial role in all stages of FSOC's systemic risk assessment of private fund advisers, the FSOC relies most heavily on some of the most problematic disclosure items collected by the SEC.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-002
text: Accuracy and consistency problems in the SEC's private fund data collection can impair the FSOC's ability to evaluate the systemic risk posed by private fund advisers.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: data collected through Form PF
scope conditions: FSOC evaluation of nonbank systemic risk
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2470008-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Evidence that the SEC's data collection encounters accuracy and consistency problems might hamper the FSOC's ability to evaluate the systemic risk of private fund advisers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-003
text: Prior studies and anecdotal evidence indicate that the data collection mandated by Form PF could itself create problems for the FSOC when it evaluates hedge fund systemic risk.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: hedge fund systemic risk evaluation by FSOC
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2470008-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Several observations from previous studies and anecdotal evidence suggest that the mandated data collection in Form PF could create issues for FSOC in evaluating the systemic risk of hedge funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-007
text: The 2008 to 2009 financial crisis altered market conditions and the factors driving private fund systemic risk, which triggered a second, distinct wave of scholarship on private funds' systemic implications.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: post crisis period after 2009
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2470008-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The 2008-09 global financial crisis changed market conditions and several related factors that contribute to private funds advisers' posing a possible systemic risk, precipitating the second major wave of scholarship in the context of possible systemic implications of private funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-009
text: The unprecedented growth of the private fund industry combined with the low interest rate environment created by post crisis quantitative easing drove private fund managers to reach for yield.
claim type: mechanism
topics: defi
topics: tokenomics
topics: private-funds
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: low interest rate environment following quantitative easing
scope conditions: post 2009 private fund industry
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 11

id: kaal:claim:2470008-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The unprecedented growth in the private fund industry in combination with the low interest rate environment following the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing after the financial crisis of 2008-09 resulted in private fund managers' increasingly "reaching for yield".
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-011
text: International regulators agree on designation criteria but not on the unit of assessment: the FSB and IOSCO assess systemic importance at the fund level while the OFR would assess it at the asset manager level with all funds combined.
claim type: empirical
topics: systemic-risk
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: designation of globally active investment funds as systemically important
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2470008-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Although the proposed designation criteria are similar, the FSB and IOSCO emphasize the assessment of systemic importance at the fund-level, while the OFR suggests systemic assessment at the asset manager-level with all funds combined.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-012
text: National regulators reached opposite conclusions on the same question: unlike the OFR, FSB and IOSCO, the United Kingdom's Financial Services Authority concluded from its first comprehensive survey of London's hedge fund industry that the industry poses no systemic risk.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: London hedge fund industry as surveyed by the FSA
scope conditions: conditions prevailing at the time of the survey
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2470008-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In contrast with the OFR, FSB and IOSCO, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in the United Kingdom concluded in its first comprehensive survey of London's hedge fund industry that the hedge fund industry poses no systemic risk to the financial system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-015
text: The FSOC's powers over nonbank financial institutions are broad and without precedent in United States financial regulation.
claim type: empirical
topics: systemic-risk
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: nonbank financial institutions subject to Dodd-Frank Title I
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2470008-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The FSOC's powers over nonbank financial institutions are broad and unprecedented in U.S. financial regulation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-027
text: The FSOC itself conceded that available data was insufficient when it tried to identify the activities of the twenty largest United States fund managers as possible sources of systemic risk.
claim type: empirical
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: FSOC 2013 annual report
scope conditions: counterparty risk, leverage, repo, securities lending, and separate accounts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2470008-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Similarly, in its attempt to identify activities of twenty of the largest U.S. fund managers as possible sources of systemic risk,171 the FSOC acknowledged that the available data was insufficient
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2470008-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2470008-031
text: The interpretation Form PF demands generated particular concern among filers about the definition of counterparties and about counterparty performance measures.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: Form PF counterparty reporting items
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2470008-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The level of interpretation required to answer Form PF precipitated particular concerns among filers pertaining to the definition of counterparties and performance measures for counterparties in Form PF.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-002
text: Prior scholarship on the corporate governance effects of non and deferred prosecution agreements rests largely on anecdotal evidence and individual case studies rather than on systematic evidence, which is why its conclusions about those effects are unreliable.
claim type: failure
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: research-methods
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2486570-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The evaluation of issues pertaining to the effect of N/DPAs on corporate governance in prior studies is largely based on anecdotal evidence and valuable case studies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-007
text: The authors contest the conventional wisdom that a corporate criminal indictment amounts to a corporate death penalty, pointing to recent guilty pleas in which BNP Paribas paid a record fine and Credit Suisse kept its investment banking license.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2486570-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Several recent plea deals call into question the 'death penalty' the- ory.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-011
text: Coding of all publicly available non and deferred prosecution agreements executed between 1993 and 2013 shows that 97.41 percent of them, or 264 of 271 agreements, contained relevant corporate governance changes.
claim type: empirical
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: publicly available N/DPAs only
scope conditions: sample period 1993 to 2013
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:2486570-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: we show that 97.41 percent [N=264] of the public N/DPAs from 1993–2013 con- tained relevant corporate governance changes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-013
text: In 63.47 percent of the coded non and deferred prosecution agreements the agreement itself referenced preemptive remedial measures the corporation had instituted before the agreement was executed.
claim type: empirical
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: counts only measures referenced within the text of an executed N/DPA
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2486570-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We found that 63.47 percent of the N/DPAs in the sample contained references to preemptive remedial measures instituted before the execution of the N/DPA.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-017
text: Business change provisions in non and deferred prosecution agreements can go as far as requiring the entity to fundamentally change its business model or to shut down entire business units.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2486570-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: N/DPA mandated business changes identified in this study could require the respective entity to fundamen- tally change its business model or shut down entire business units, among other possible business changes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-023
text: Because the board changes mandated by non and deferred prosecution agreements consist largely of additional reporting obligations and committee reform rather than removal of officers or directors, those reforms alone may not create sufficient incentives for boards and management to improve governance and avoid execution of an agreement.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2486570-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: These reforms alone may not create sufficient incentives for boards and management to improve governance and avoid N/DPA execution.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-024
text: The threat of bad press, reputational harm, legal costs, stock price declines, and the cost of implementing mandated governance changes can partly substitute for the weak direct incentives, pushing boards and management to optimize governance and keep the entity out of an agreement.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:2486570-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the cost of implementing N/DPA governance changes can help counteract lack- ing incentives for boards and management to optimize governance and protect the entity from entering into a N/DPA.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-026
text: High quality and effective preemptive remedial measures are themselves part of good corporate governance and can help a corporation avoid investigation, prosecution, and the execution of a non or deferred prosecution agreement.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2486570-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: High-quality effective preemptive reme- dial measures are part of good corporate governance and can help avoid inves- tigations and prosecutions and the associated execution of N/DPAs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-031
text: Corporate wrongdoers are unlikely to prefer regulation by prosecution over regulation by legislation because prosecution and execution of an agreement carry large reputational implications.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:2486570-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because of the large reputational implications of prosecution and N/DPA execution, corporate wrongdoers are unlikely to favor "regulation by prosecution" to regulation by legislation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2486570-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2486570-035
text: If corporate wrongdoing is not in fact caused by deficient corporate governance, then the governance reform imposed through a non or deferred prosecution agreement is merely a method of settlement rather than a lasting reform effort.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: holds where the wrongdoing has no identifiable governance cause
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:2486570-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If corporate wrongdo- ing is not the result of lacking corporate governance, it seems possible that N/DPA related governance reform is just a method of settlement rather than a lasting re- form effort.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-001
text: Stock prices respond significantly and predictably in a positive direction to the DOJ press release announcing execution of a non- or deferred prosecution agreement and to the start of the N/DPA term.
claim type: empirical
topics: economics
topics: research-methods
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
scope conditions: publicly traded U.S. firms that executed N/DPAs between 1993 and 2015
scope conditions: event windows measured around the DOJ press release date and the start date of the N/DPA term
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2629451-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We document a significant and predictable positive stock price response to the DOJ press release and the start of the N/DPA term.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-003
text: Investor response to N/DPAs is not uniform: it varies with the firm's industry, the severity of the financial fine, and the extent of the governance improvements the N/DPA mandates.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: ten industry sub-clusters in the sample
scope conditions: partitions relative to median fines and median governance intensity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2629451-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We also find that investor's response differs depending on the industry and severity of financial fines and N/DPA mandated governance improvements.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-006
text: Investors treat the expiration of an N/DPA term as a negative event for the firm.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: end of N/DPA term date, ENDPAT
scope conditions: reduced sample of 59 firms where the end date fell on a trading day
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2629451-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Inversely, our results suggest that investors see the expiry of applicable N/DPA terms as a negative event.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-007
text: The combination of a positive market reaction at the start of the N/DPA term and a negative reaction at its end is evidence that the governance changes N/DPAs mandate actually matter to firm value.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: governance changes become mandatory at the start of the term and unenforceable at its end
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2629451-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We interpret the positive market reaction at the beginning of the N/DPA term and investors' negative reaction at the end of the N/DPA term as evidence that governance changes mandated by N/DPAs matter.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-022
text: From the first day of the N/DPA term through day twenty five, the period in which mandated governance improvements are in force, the market prices the N/DPA as a positive event for the firm.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: window t=0 to t=25 after BNDPAT
scope conditions: period during which N/DPA governance improvements are in effect
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2629451-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: BNDPAT t=0 and from t=0 to t=25, when N/DPA governance improvements are in effect, Figures 3 and 3a show that the market assesses such N/DPAs as a positive event for the respective entity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-028
text: The negative market reaction at the end of the N/DPA term is the market acknowledging that suboptimal governance practices are likely to resume once the term expires.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: post-expiration windows in Figures 4 and 4a
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2629451-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In turn, we interpret the negative market reaction at ENDPAT in Figures 4 and 4a as the market's acknowledgment that post N/DPA term expiration suboptimal governance practices are likely to continue
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-029
text: The data support Hypothesis 3: the market reacts positively when N/DPA governance changes become mandatory at the start of the term and negatively when they cease to be mandatory at its end.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: evidence drawn from Figures 3, 3a, 4, and 4a
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2629451-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Figures 3, 3a, 4, and 4a support Hypothesis 3: The market reacts positively at BNDPAT (E1b) and negatively at ENDPAT (E1c).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-031
text: The market values N/DPA governance changes during the term because those changes effectively address the underlying corporate wrongdoing and its damage to goodwill and reputation while reducing the likelihood of continuing fines and litigation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: during the term of the N/DPA
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:2629451-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The market assesses the governance changes during the term of the N/DPA as beneficial for market value because it effectively addresses corporate wrongdoing and the associated negative effects on goodwill and reputation while lowering the likelihood of continuing fines and litigation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-036
text: Despite wide-ranging criticism of N/DPAs on authority, fairness, and expertise grounds, scholars agree that N/DPAs do influence corporate governance.
claim type: empirical
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: scholarly literature on N/DPAs through 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:2629451-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Despite the broad critique of N/DPAs, consensus exists among scholars that N/DPAs influence corporate governance (Cunningham 2014b, Kaal and Lacine 2014, Coffee 2005, Thompson 2003).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2629451-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2629451-039
text: Prior coding of all publicly available N/DPAs from 1993 to 2013 across more than 230 governance categories shows that N/DPAs have a substantial effect on corporate governance.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: N=271 agreements, 1993 to 2013
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2629451-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the largest study to date, Kaal and Lacine (2014), using a hand-selected dataset comprising all publicly available N/DPAs from 1993-2013 (N=271) in over 230 governance categories, show a substantial effect of N/DPAs on corporate governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-008
text: Some of the most sensitive Form PF disclosures are not readily obtainable by the funds themselves: counterparty credit exposure often cannot be determined by individual fund managers, which makes the reporting requirement burdensome in practice.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: disclosure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
scope conditions: applies to Form PF counterparty credit exposure reporting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2714974-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For example, the disclosure of counterparty credit exposure is sensitive information that often cannot readily be determined by the individual fund managers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-017
text: If Congress changes the tax treatment of carried interest, returns to hedge fund advisers and their investors are likely to fall markedly and the popularity of hedge funds will be severely tested.
claim type: predictive
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: conditional on congressional elimination of the carried interest loophole
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2714974-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Should Congress change the tax treatment of hedge fund managers, the returns to hedge fund advisers and their investors are likely to fall markedly.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-018
text: New Rule 506(c) creates uncertainty for hedge fund advisers considering general solicitation and general advertising, because the SEC required reasonable steps to verify accreditation without supplying a bright line rule for the content of such solicitation.
claim type: failure
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: applies to Regulation D offerings under Rule 506(c) after September 23, 2013
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2714974-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: New Rule 506(c) creates uncertainty for hedge fund advisers considering GSGA.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-019
text: Although the JOBS Act rules freed hedge fund managers to advertise, talk to reporters, and speak at conferences from September 23, 2013, very few managers actually engage in these less restrictive communications with potential investors.
claim type: empirical
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: applies to the period after Rule 506(c) took effect
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2714974-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Yet, very few hedge fund managers are actually engaging in less restrictive communications with potential investors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-020
text: The investor verification requirement defeats the purpose of the Rule 506(c) liberalization: fearing liability for investor misrepresentations of personal wealth, most hedge funds raising money from individuals continue to use old Rule 506 rather than Rule 506(c).
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: applies to funds raising capital from individual investors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2714974-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Fearing possible liability for investor misrepresentations of their personal wealth, most hedge funds that raise money from individuals continue to use the old Rule 506 rather than Rule 506(c).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-021
text: Until the SEC finalizes verification rules and gives a clear, comprehensive definition of the reasonable steps an issuer must take, issuers cannot determine at the time of sale whether their verification attempts made general solicitation permissible.
claim type: condition
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: conditional on the absence of finalized SEC verification guidance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2714974-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without appropriate SEC guidance, issuers will have difficulty ascertaining if their verification attempts at the time of the sale of securities made GSGA permissible.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-026
text: Direct regulation of hedge fund leverage collapses on the details because balance sheet leverage is not an adequate measure of risk and would push funds into off-balance sheet avoidance strategies.
claim type: failure
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: research-methods
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: applies to proposals for direct leverage regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2714974-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Balance sheet leverage is not an adequate measure of risk and would encourage avoidance behavior with off-balance sheet strategies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-027
text: Alternative risk measures such as value at risk have severe measurement problems, so any direct regulation of leverage would be set conservatively and would substantially limit hedge funds' ability to provide market liquidity.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: defi
topics: economics
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: applies to direct regulation of hedge fund leverage
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2714974-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Any attempt to directly regulate leverage would likely be conservative, due to measurement problems, and put major limits on hedge funds' ability to provide market liquidity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-028
text: Direct regulation of hedge fund leverage increases moral hazard costs, because lenders and counterparties relax their own vigilance once they rely on government rules to constrain fund risk taking.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: economics
topics: compliance
scope conditions: applies where government rules substitute for private monitoring
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2714974-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Direct regulation could also increase moral hazard costs as lenders and counterparties may relax their vigilance in reliance on the government rules.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2714974-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2714974-029
text: Any prescriptive regulatory regime for hedge funds risks leaving the financial system less stable rather than more stable, because counterparties relax vigilance when they believe authorities are monitoring and constraining fund risk taking.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
scope conditions: applies to prescriptive position reporting and monitoring regimes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2714974-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A risk of any prescriptive regulatory regime is that, by creating moral hazard in the marketplace, it leaves the system less rather than more stable.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-002
text: Regulatory convergence is not driven only by tightened post crisis rules: the liberalization of advertising restrictions after the Dodd-Frank Act also pushes hedge funds toward mutual fund form, so deregulation and reregulation work in the same convergent direction.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: U.S. private fund regulation after Dodd-Frank and the JOBS Act
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2715083-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This is not just a result of more stringent regulations enacted via the Dodd-Frank Act in the aftermath of the financial crisis; the liberalization of the advertising restrictions post Dodd-Frank Act also makes hedge funds more like mutual funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-013
text: The author stipulates the term nominal confluence: legal requirements that are formally identical for mutual and hedge fund managers but that operate in materially different ways in practice, so formal legal convergence overstates actual convergence.
claim type: definitional
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies where the same statute or rule governs both fund types
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2715083-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The term "nominal confluence" as used herein describes otherwise identical legal requirements for mutual and hedge fund managers that can be materially different in practice.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-017
text: Alternative mutual funds generally cannot deliver the same absolute returns as hedge funds, a shortfall some attribute to the lighter touch regulation and better incentives available to hedge funds.
claim type: failure
topics: private-funds
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: comparison of registered alternative funds with unregistered hedge funds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2715083-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Alternative funds generally cannot generate the same absolute returns as hedge funds (Hasanhodzic & Lo (2007) and McCarthy (2015)), which is attributed by some to the lighter touch regulation and better incentives applicable to hedge funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-019
text: The traditional mutual fund governance model, in which one board serves multiple discrete funds within a sponsor's group, is subject to significant oversight challenges.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: private-funds
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: traditional single board mutual fund complexes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2715083-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: serving as a single board for multiple discrete funds (Morley & Curtis 2010)). The traditional governance model is, thus, subject to significant oversight challenges (Krug (2016)).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-020
text: In a multimanager series trust the board is largely independent of any adviser in the fund group, because the structure is centered on an unaffiliated administrator rather than on the sponsoring investment adviser.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: multimanager series trust arrangements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:2715083-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike the board in a traditional mutual fund governance setting, the board in a multimanager series trust arrangement is largely independent of any advisers within the fund group.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-021
text: Despite open issues and possible shortcomings, the multimanager series trust structure appears to offer lasting substantive governance improvements for mutual funds.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: private-funds
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: multimanager series trust governance model
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:2715083-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Despite the open issues and possible shortcomings of the multimanager series trust model, the trust model governance structure for mutual funds appears to offer lasting substantive governance improvements for mutual funds (Krug (2016)).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-022
text: The cost savings of the multimanager series trust model are a confluence mechanism: they let a growing number of smaller hedge fund advisers reach retail investors by launching a mutual fund.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: smaller investment advisers by assets under management
scope conditions: advisers seeking retail distribution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:2715083-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The cost savings associated with the multimanager series trust governance model allow the increasing number of smaller hedge fund investment advisers to attract retail investors by setting up a mutual fund.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-023
text: The inherent conflict of interest facing an adviser who simultaneously runs a mutual fund and a hedge fund is an important limiting factor on the continued rise of side-by-side management.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: side-by-side management of a mutual fund and a hedge fund by the same adviser
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:2715083-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: An important limiting factor in the steady rise of side-by-side management is the inherent conflict of interest for the investment manager (SEC (2003), Chen & Chen (2009) and Cici et al. (2010)).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-033
text: The JOBS Act reform underdelivers on its own terms: because investor verification under Rule 506(c) is legally uncertain, hedge fund advisers have better incentives to launch retail alternative funds than to use their new freedom to advertise.
claim type: failure
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: Rule 506(c) offerings after the general solicitation ban was lifted
scope conditions: also driven by path dependencies and peer pressure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:2715083-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Investment advisers to hedge funds have better incentives to set up retail alternative funds that allow them to offer features that are attractive to retail investors rather than to advertise under the uncertain new regime (Rule 506(c))
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2715083-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-035
text: Amendments to Regulation SHO may deny mutual fund advisers certain hedging techniques, making it less likely that mutual funds can attract retail investors who are looking for alternative investment exposure.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: stocks subject to significant downward price pressure under amended Regulation SHO
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2715083-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Investment advisers to mutual funds may not be able to use certain hedging techniques after the amendment of Regulation SHO, making it less likely for investment advisers running mutual funds to attract retail investors who are seeking alternative investment opportunities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-008
text: After the D.C. Circuit vacated the SEC's 2004 hedge fund adviser registration rule in Goldstein v. SEC, the overwhelming majority of private fund advisers who had registered under that rule deregistered.
claim type: empirical
topics: securities-law
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: private fund advisers registered under the SEC 2004 rule
scope conditions: after the 2006 Goldstein decision
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2732915-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The overwhelming majority of private fund advisers that had registered under the SEC's 2004 registration requirements deregistered after the Goldstein decision.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-018
text: A majority of private fund adviser respondents, 74.5 percent, do not plan any strategic response to Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act.
claim type: empirical
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: N=69 survey respondents
scope conditions: strategic response understood as action to avoid or limit the impact of Title IV
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2732915-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: majority (74.5%) of private fund adviser respondents do not plan a strategic response to Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-020
text: Private fund advisers in the sample did not terminate existing employment relationships, and only few severed advising relationships, changed fund legal structure, liquidated positions, changed investment styles or portfolio structure, or closed funds to new investors.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: N=69 survey respondents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2732915-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Private fund advisers in the sample did not terminate existing employment relationships. Few respondents severed an advising relationship, changed funds' (legal) structure, liquidated positions, changed investment styles, changed portfolio structure, or closed funds to new investors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-021
text: Among respondents answering the open ended question on other actions taken, 30.8 percent hired a compliance firm, 15.4 percent said they otherwise wasted time and money reacting to Dodd-Frank requirements, and 15.4 percent implemented new policies and programs.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: open ended survey question 3b, coded into response clusters
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2732915-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 30.8% of respondents who answered this question hired a compliance firm, 15.4% suggested they otherwise wasted time and money in reacting to Dodd-Frank requirements, and 15.4 % suggested they implemented new policies and programs in response to the Dodd-Frank Act.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-027
text: Of the advisers who responded, 70.60 percent would not take the current regulatory regime into account in determining the assets under management size of their funds.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: responses to survey question 7
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2732915-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Of those who responded, 70.60% would not take the current regulatory regime into account in determining the AUM size of their funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-028
text: The majority of private fund advisers in the United States are not considering changing their assets under management in order to lower Dodd-Frank compliance costs, notwithstanding the $150 million registration threshold and the $1.5 billion Form PF quarterly reporting threshold.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: inference from responses to survey question 7
scope conditions: $150 million registration threshold and $1.5 billion Form PF threshold in force
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2732915-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the majority response to Survey Question 7 implies that the majority of private fund advisers in the United States are not considering changing their AUM in order to lower their Dodd-Frank Act compliance costs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-029
text: Among advisers who factor the regulatory regime into fund sizing, the direction of adjustment is split: 18.2 percent would lower assets under management to avoid the regulatory hassle, while 27.3 percent would still increase AUM and another 27.3 percent seek the right size to cover expenses.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: respondents who answered yes to survey question 7
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2732915-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While 18.2% would lower their AUM to avoid the regulatory hassle, 27.3% would actually still want to increase their AUM. Another 27.3% indicated a desire to attain the right size to cover expenses.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-034
text: Among the minority of respondents who believed Dodd-Frank affected fund earnings, the majority attributed that effect to additional compliance costs rather than to lower returns.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: respondents who answered yes to survey question 11
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2732915-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Figure 17 illustrates that the majority of those respondents who believed that Dodd-Frank affected their fund(s) earnings blamed additional compliance costs associated with Dodd-Frank.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-037
text: Asked how Title IV will affect the private fund industry over the next five years, the largest groups of respondents identified additional expenses, at 34.9 percent, and barriers to entry for private fund market entrants, at 32.6 percent.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: responses to the survey question on industry effects over five years
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2732915-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The largest numbers of respondents identified additional expenses (34.9%) and barriers to entry (32.6%) for private fund market entrants as likely effects.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2732915-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2732915-038
text: The long-term effect of the Dodd-Frank Act on the private investment fund industry is likely to be characterized by increasing additional expenses and associated barriers to entry for new market entrants.
claim type: predictive
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: economics
scope conditions: inference from respondent forecasts for the next five years
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2732915-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Given these survey results, it seems possible that the long- term effect of the Dodd-Frank Act on the private investment fund industry is characterized by increasing additional expenses and associated levels of barriers to entry for market entrants.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-002
text: The SEC's 2004 attempt to require hedge fund adviser registration failed: after the D.C. Circuit vacated the rule in Goldstein v. SEC, the overwhelming majority of private fund advisers that had registered under the 2004 requirements deregistered.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: SEC rulemaking under the Investment Advisers Act before Dodd-Frank
scope conditions: after the 2006 Goldstein decision
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2739479-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: High- lighting the significant opposition of the private fund industry to the rule, the over- whelming majority of private fund advisers that had registered under the SEC's 2004 registration requirements deregistered after Goldstein.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-004
text: Prior survey evidence indicates that the hedge fund industry adjusted well to the Dodd-Frank registration and disclosure requirements, and that the actual impact of those rules was much less significant than the private fund industry had feared.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: private-funds
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: short-term period immediately following the 2012 effective date
scope conditions: based on survey responses from registered private fund advisers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2739479-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In summary, prior surveys suggest that the hedge fund industry seems to be adjusting well to the registration and disclosure requirements of Dodd- Frank. The impact of the registration and disclosure rules appears to be much less significant than feared by the private fund industry.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-005
text: Growth in the private fund industry has been concentrated among the largest advisers: assets managed by advisers with more than $5 billion in AUM grew 141 percent, compared with 53 percent for firms below $5 billion.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: economics
scope conditions: private fund advisers
scope conditions: growth measured through 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2739479-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The larger private fund advisers have generated most of the private fund industry's growth. Assets managed by private fund ad- visers with more than $5 billion AUM have grown 141%, compared to 53% for firms with less than $5 billion.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-006
text: Private fund underperformance may be a product of institutionalization: pension funds have increased their private fund holdings and institutions now make up over two thirds of the private fund investor base, up from 20 percent a decade earlier.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: hedge fund investor base as of 2015
scope conditions: explanation offered as possible, not established
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2739479-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The underperformance may result from the institutionalization of private funds, because pension funds increase private fund holdings, and, furthermore, institutions represent over two-thirds of the private fund base—up from 20% a decade ago.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-007
text: As the private fund investor profile shifts toward institutional investors, fees fall; institutional investors made up 65 percent of hedge fund AUM in 2015 compared with roughly 20 percent a decade earlier.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: private-funds
topics: economics
scope conditions: hedge fund fee levels
scope conditions: 2005 to 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2739479-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As the investor profile for private funds shifts toward institutional investors, fees fall. Institutional investors constituted 65% of hedge fund AUM in 2015, compared to just 20% a decade ago.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-008
text: Underperformance combined with the influx of institutional money means that pension funds, endowments and other institutions, which now outnumber wealthy individuals as private fund investors, hold more bargaining power over fees.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: private fund fee negotiation
scope conditions: as of 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2739479-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: of underperformance in the private fund industry, combined with the rush of new investors into alternative investments—pension funds, endowments, and other institutions now outnumber rich individuals as private fund investors— means that those investors have more bargaining power regarding fees.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-009
text: Smaller private funds spend more on compliance than larger ones, both as a share of AUM and relative to operating costs, which means increasing regulatory scrutiny falls disproportionately on smaller funds.
claim type: failure
topics: compliance
scope conditions: private fund advisers subject to Dodd-Frank compliance obligations
scope conditions: compliance measured as share of AUM and of operating costs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2739479-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Smaller private funds spend more on compliance costs than their larger counterparts—both as a percentage of AUM and in relation to oper- ating costs; this suggests that increasing regulatory scrutiny disproportionately impacts smaller funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-010
text: The private fund industry generated a disproportionate share of asset management profits: it produced 34 percent of the industry's 2013 profits, $31.2 billion of $93.0 billion, while controlling only 4 percent of total AUM.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: economics
scope conditions: global asset management industry
scope conditions: 2013 profit figures
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2739479-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Although it manages only 4% of the global asset management indus- try's total AUM ($2.8 trillion out of $68.7 trillion),121 the private fund industry represented 34% of profits generated by that industry in 2013 ($31.2 billion out of $93.0 billion).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-014
text: Lifting the ban on general solicitation and general advertising was a significant formal change for private funds, but the new advertising opportunities are being taken up only reluctantly, and uncertainty about investor verification rules together with specific restrictions makes advertising by private fund advisers unlikely for the foreseeable future.
claim type: failure
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: Rule 506(c) offerings after the September 2013 effective date
scope conditions: private fund and private equity advisers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2739479-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While lifting the ban on GSGA for private fund advisers represented a signif- icant change for the private fund industry, the new advertising opportunities are only reluctantly being accepted;
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2739479-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2739479-040
text: Barriers to entry for small firms are becoming an increasing problem in the private fund industry under the evolving post-Dodd-Frank legal environment, with references to such barriers rising from 24 percent of respondents in 2012 to 33 percent in 2015.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
topics: economics
scope conditions: small private fund market entrants
scope conditions: 2012 and 2015 survey responses about the next five years
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2739479-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The 2015 survey responses suggest that barriers to entry for small firms are becoming increasingly a problem for the private fund industry in the continuously evolving post-Dodd-Frank-Act legal environment.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-004
text: Dynamic regulation is defined as the study of regulatory phenomena in relation to both preceding and succeeding events, using institution specific and decentralized information to generate feedback effects that support anticipatory rulemaking.
claim type: definitional
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2740477-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The theory of dynamic regulation conceptualizes the study of regulatory phenomena in relation to preceding and succeeding events, using institution-specific and decentralized information to facilitate feedback effects for anticipatory rulemaking.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-005
text: Venture capital can function as a dynamic regulatory supplement for disruptive innovation because venture capitalists' financial allocations to innovative projects generate feedback that regulators can use.
claim type: design
topics: innovation
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2740477-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We show that venture capital can function as a dynamic regulatory supplement for disruptive innovation. Venture capital's financial allocations to innovative projects can provide feedback for dynamic regulation of disruptive innovation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-007
text: Artificial intelligence cannot be held personally liable for damage it causes because national and international law do not currently recognize it as a subject of law, so compensation must be forced through existing provisions never designed for it.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: current state of national and international law
scope conditions: damage caused by autonomous AI
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:2740477-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, national and international law do not (currently) recognize AI as a subject of law. Without legal personality, AI cannot be personally liable for damages.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-024
text: Accepting suboptimal rules temporarily buys rule certainty and predictability but guarantees a later cycle of revision, amendment, and repeal, so rulemakers trade short term certainty for a costly correction process.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: rulemakers knowingly accept suboptimalities tied to unknown future contingencies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2740477-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Temporary acceptance of suboptimal rules increases temporary rule certainty and predictability, but it also precipitates the inevitable need for rule revision, amendments, and repeals
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-027
text: The collective action problem of rulemaking, the problems of trial and error rulemaking, and regulatory cycles all derive largely from the nature of stable and presumptively optimal rules rather than from independent causes.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2740477-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The collective action problem of rulemaking, problems associated with trial-and-error rulemaking, and problems associated with regulatory cycles derive largely from the nature of stable and presumptively optimal rules.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-029
text: Dynamic regulatory tools let rulemakers adapt to regulatory contingencies as they arise, because feedback effects deliver relevant, timely, decentralized, and institution specific information ex ante.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: feedback processes are in place within the regulatory framework
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2740477-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Dynamic regulatory tools as a regulatory supplement enable rulemakers to adapt to regulatory contingencies if and when they arise because feedback effect provides relevant, timely, decentralized, and institution-specific information ex-ante.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-030
text: Regulation is mostly reactive and follows business cycles rather than preempting crises, because of the collective action problem of regulation, path dependencies, and political inertia, so rules arrive when governance improvements are least available.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2740477-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because of the collective action problem of regulation, path dependencies, and political inertia, among many other reasons, regulation is mostly reactive, following business cycles and not preemptive, e.g. enacted before crises when governance improvements are most needed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-031
text: Private rulemakers hold a comparative advantage over public rulemakers because, unlike their public counterparts, they can produce the comparable, decentralized, and institution specific information that rulemaking requires.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:2740477-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Private rulemakers can have a comparative advantage over public rulemakers because, unlike their public counterparts, they often can produce necessary, comparable, decentralized, and institution-specific information for rulemaking.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-032
text: The existing framework for optimal rules is self reinforcing: it perpetuates rulemaking processes that produce more optimal rules requiring costly revision, updating, and revocation, so suboptimal rules and suboptimal processes reproduce each other.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: regulatory-failure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2740477-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The existing regulatory framework for optimal rules reinforces rulemaking processes that perpetuate optimal rules, necessitating costly rule revision, updating, and revocation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2740477-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2740477-034
text: The data analysis shows that venture capitalists' finance allocation, and the implicit assessment of innovative products and businesses it embodies, generates highly relevant institution specific and industry specific decentralized information on innovation trends.
claim type: empirical
topics: innovation
topics: decentralization
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: United States venture capital data 2005 to 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2740477-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The data analysis shows that venture capitalists' finance allocation and the implicit assessment of innovative products, businesses, and initiatives generates highly relevant institution- and industry-specific decentralized information on innovation trends.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-001
text: Government assessments of hedge fund systemic risk conflict directly: the OFR, FSB, and IOSCO treat private fund activities as important threats to the financial system, while the UK Financial Services Authority concluded from its first comprehensive survey of London's private fund industry that hedge funds pose no systemic risk.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: comparison of post-crisis U.S. and UK regulator reports
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2748096-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By contrast, the Financial Services Authority (FSA) (2010) in the United Kingdom concluded in its first comprehensive survey of London's private fund industry that the hedge fund industry poses no systemic risk to the financial system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-006
text: Because hedge fund losses are absorbed directly by a large and dispersed body of investors and their equity capital, private fund advisers are unlikely to trigger a systemic event, and their activity may even reduce market volatility.
claim type: mechanism
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: economics
scope conditions: applies to funds financed by investor equity rather than short term debt
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2748096-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But some research suggests that private fund advisers are unlikely to trigger a systemic event because losses in hedge funds are directly absorbed by the multitude of investors and their equity capital and may actually reduce market volatility
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-010
text: Any conclusion that hedge funds contributed to the financial crisis of 2007-2008 is circumstantial or anecdotal, because the data needed to test it, on leverage, counterparty relations, AUM, and portfolio holdings, were not collected for any substantial period before the crisis.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: research-methods
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: applies to retrospective assessment of the 2007-2008 crisis
scope conditions: SEC systemic risk data collection began only after Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2748096-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without such data for a substantial time period before the financial crisis, concluding that hedge funds may have had a role in the financial crisis is circumstantial or anecdotal.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-011
text: The opacity of the hedge fund shadow banking system blocks direct measurement of hedge funds' role in the crisis, leaving researchers with indirect measures extracted from existing data rather than primary pre-crisis sources.
claim type: failure
topics: disclosure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: research-methods
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: absence of access to primary pre-crisis hedge fund data
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2748096-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the shadow banking system of hedge funds and the lack of sufficient transparency create substantial obstacles to implementing direct measures, especially without the access to primary sources of data regarding hedge funds before the crisis.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-012
text: The contagion story, in which hedge fund losses spread to other financial institutions and undermine systemic stability, is counterbalanced in practice because hedge fund collapses are rarely sudden and almost always unfold in incremental steps over a long period.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: describes observed hedge fund collapse dynamics rather than theoretical models
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2748096-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, hedge fund collapses are rarely sudden but in practice almost always occur in incremental steps over a long time period.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-023
text: Strategy diversification does not insulate the hedge fund industry from systemic risk: returns across different hedge fund strategies were more correlated during the financial crisis of 2007-2008 than before it, so the industry can pose systemic risk despite investing across a broad spectrum of assets and strategies.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: periods of market stress
scope conditions: evidence drawn from the 2007-2008 crisis
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2748096-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: hedge fund returns should not affect their systemic risk. However, evidence exists that the returns of different hedge fund strategies were more correlated during the financial crisis of 2007-2008 than before the crisis
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-029
text: About 18 percent of hedge funds ceased operations in 2008, yet little evidence exists that these failures generated losses at prime brokers or other financial institutions, which weakens the direct transmission account of hedge fund systemic risk.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: hedge fund closures during 2008
scope conditions: RAND Corporation study
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2748096-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: According to the report, about 18 percent of hedge funds ceased operations in 2008, although little evidence exists that these fund failures contributed to losses at prime brokers or other financial institutions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-034
text: Traditional risk-adjusted alphas underestimate hedge fund risk: once correlation risk is controlled for, previously observed significant hedge fund alphas disappear, which makes correlation risk a systematic risk factor for hedge fund returns.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: cross-sectional analysis of individual hedge fund returns
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2748096-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This finding is important because traditional risk-adjusted alphas may underestimate hedge fund risk.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-035
text: Once liquidity risk is incorporated into the analysis, the superior performance previously attributed to predictability in managerial skills disappears in hedge fund portfolios.
claim type: failure
topics: defi
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: hedge fund portfolios formed on predictability in managerial skill
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2748096-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: They find that the outperformance previously attributed to predictability in managerial skills disappears in hedge fund portfolios when accounting for liquidity risk.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2748096-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2748096-036
text: Risk measures that are not adjusted for serial correlation in hedge fund returns can considerably underestimate the true extent of both individual and systemic hedge fund risk, so empirical work in this area must account for autocorrelation.
claim type: failure
topics: research-methods
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: economics
scope conditions: applies to empirical studies of hedge fund returns
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2748096-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: unadjusted risk measures can considerably underestimate the true extent of individual and systemic risks for hedge funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-005
text: Dynamic regulation is defined as conceptualizing regulatory phenomena in relation to both preceding and succeeding events, using institution-specific and decentralized information to generate feedback effects that support anticipatory rulemaking.
claim type: definitional
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2808132-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The theory of dynamic regulation conceptualizes the study of regulatory phenomena in relation to preceding and succeeding events, using institution-specific and decentralized information to facilitate feedback effects for anticipatory rulemaking.105
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-006
text: Data derived from venture capital investments can function as a dynamic regulatory supplement for disruptive innovation, because venture capital's financial allocations to innovative projects supply feedback for dynamic regulation.
claim type: design
topics: innovation
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: where venture capital investment allocation data is available to regulators
scope conditions: United States venture capital market, 2005 to 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2808132-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We show that data derived from venture capital investments can function as a dynamic regulatory supplement for disruptive innovation. Venture capital's financial allocations to innovative projects can provide feedback for dynamic regulation of
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-009
text: Because artificial intelligence is not recognized as a subject of law in national or international law, it has no legal personality and therefore cannot be personally liable for damages it causes.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: current national and international legal frameworks
scope conditions: autonomous AI acting without supervision
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:2808132-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: provisions in the existing regulatory framework. However, national and international law do not (currently) recognize AI as a subject of law. Without legal personality, AI cannot be personally liable for damages.63 With autonomous AI playing an expanding role in
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-020
text: The historically evolved rulemaking infrastructure could cope with its own collective action problems, regulatory cycles, and trial-and-error rulemaking without major disruption because the scope of regulatory issues was limited and institutional designs were consensus driven.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: small, stable, less interconnected societies with limited upward mobility
scope conditions: limited and readily identifiable sets of regulatory issues
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:2808132-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: issues.80 Because of the limited scope of regulatory issues and the need for consensus- driven institutional designs, the historically evolved infrastructure for rulemaking could cope with its inherent collective action problems,81 regulatory cycles,82 and trial-and-error
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-028
text: The collective action problem of rulemaking, the problems of trial-and-error rulemaking, and the problems of regulatory cycles derive largely from the nature of stable and presumptively optimal rules themselves, not from unrelated institutional defects.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: regulatory regimes whose outcomes are stable rather than adaptive
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2808132-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: problems associated with trial-and-error rulemaking, and problems associated with regulatory cycles derive largely from the nature of stable and presumptively optimal rules.108 Rulemaking with dynamic elements increases the use of institution-specific,
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-031
text: Unrestricted exchange of information between public and private rulemakers creates regulatory synergies that increase the availability of relevant, decentralized, and timely information for rulemaking and thereby generate feedback effects.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: settings permitting open information exchange between public and private rulemakers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2808132-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: feedback processes.115 The unrestricted exchange of information between public- and private rulemakers can create regulatory synergies that increase the availability of relevant, decentralized, and timely information for rulemaking116 and facilitate feedback
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-032
text: Through feedback effects, rulemakers in a dynamic regulatory framework can adopt rules that are adaptable to future states of the world rather than fixed to current conditions.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: rulemaking institutions that integrate feedback processes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2808132-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: effects.117 Existing rules can provide feedback effects for the rulemaking process itself. Through feedback effects, rulemakers in a dynamic regulatory framework can adopt rules that are adaptable to future states of the world.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-033
text: Dynamic regulatory tools lower unforeseen contingencies in rulemaking because the feedback effect supplies relevant, timely, decentralized, and institution-specific information ex ante, allowing rulemakers to adapt to contingencies as they arise.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: rulemaking supplemented by dynamic regulatory tools generating feedback
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2808132-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: because a feedback effect provides relevant, timely, decentralized, and institution-specific information ex-ante. By increasing the availability of information ex-ante, dynamic regulatory tools help lower unforeseen contingencies in the rulemaking process.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-039
text: A more granular assessment of venture capital investments in Big Data and software as a service can provide regulators with much needed feedback on the regulatory needs associated with those areas.
claim type: design
topics: innovation
scope conditions: industries disproportionately represented in later venture capital series
scope conditions: regulators willing to conduct granular data analysis
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2808132-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 8-11 below. A more granular assessment of the VC investments in Big Data and SaaS can provide much needed feedback for regulators on associated regulatory needs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2808132-044
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2808132-044
text: Feedback effects from venture capitalists' finance allocations toward innovative products give rulemakers timely, decentralized, industry-specific and entity-specific information that allows them to adapt rules in anticipation of regulatory issues.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
topics: innovation
scope conditions: industries associated with the highest levels of disruptive innovation
scope conditions: regulators able to access and analyze venture capital investment data
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2808132-044:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: anticipatory rulemaking. Through the feedback effects that are facilitated by venture capitalists' finance allocations towards innovative products, rulemakers can obtain timely and decentralized industry- and entity-specific information that allows them to adapt
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-004
text: After the financial crisis of 2008 to 2009 and the Madoff scandal, relatively sophisticated investors stopped accepting the slanted phrasing of due diligence questionnaires and their answers, and the questionnaires became more rigorous as a result.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: relatively sophisticated investors
scope conditions: post crisis period
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2811718-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: including the Madoff scandal, investors, at least relatively sophisticated investors, no longer accepted the slanted phrasing of the due diligence questionnaires and their answers.13 As a result, the questionnaires became more rigorous.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-016
text: In the hand selected sample of cases, the ranking of causes of action differs from the full search results: fiduciary duty leads, followed by negligent misrepresentation and breach of contract.
claim type: empirical
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: hand selected subsample of 32 cases
scope conditions: 1995 to 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811718-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike Figure 4, in the hand-selected sample of cases in Figure 5, the leading causes of action were by order of preference: (1) fiduciary duty, (2) negligent misrepresentation, (3) breach of contract.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-017
text: While some courts found that a complete lack of investor due diligence can amount to securities fraud or breach of contract, and that lacking due diligence can breach fiduciary duties, the majority of courts evaluate private fund due diligence issues in the context of misrepresentation.
claim type: empirical
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: securities-law
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: United States courts
scope conditions: 2005 to 2015 litigation record
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811718-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: IDD can be a breach of fiduciary duties,84 the majority of courts evaluate issues pertaining to private fund IDD in the context of misrepresentation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-022
text: Defendants owe a duty to use reasonable care in conducting financial due diligence consistent with the standards of care in the profession.
claim type: condition
topics: corporate-governance
topics: education-and-practice
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: negligence claims
scope conditions: Baker v. Goldman Sachs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811718-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Defendants have "a duty to use reasonable care in conducting financial due diligence consistent with standards of care in the profession.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-024
text: Failure to supervise and direct investment of assets in accordance with an investment plan's policy, together with offering memoranda or quarterly letters that misrepresent due diligence processes, can show a failure to exercise reasonable care sufficient to plead breach of fiduciary duty.
claim type: condition
topics: corporate-governance
topics: securities-law
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: fiduciary duty claims against private fund advisers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811718-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: assets in accordance with an investment plan's investment policy, and offering memoranda or quarterly letters with misrepresentations of due diligence processes can demonstrate a failure to exercise reasonable care and sufficient to plead breach of fiduciary duty.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-026
text: Funds of funds claimed to select the best managers through skilled due diligence and charged standard 2 and 20 fee structures for that service, while in reality depositing the vast majority of their capital into Madoff's opaque fund.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Madoff feeder funds and funds of funds before December 2008
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811718-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: and investment analysis practices and then in return charged their investors standard private fund fee structures (2/20).139 In reality, most of these funds were depositing the vast majority of their capital into Madoff's black box of a fund.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-028
text: Because Madoff overtly disallowed scrutiny of his secretive and unconventional practices, it was impossible for feeder funds such as Rye to perform the due diligence they had represented to investors.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Madoff feeder funds
scope conditions: In re Tremont
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:2811718-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Again, it was impossible for a fund like Rye to perform due diligence as Madoff overtly disallowed such due diligence of his extremely secretive and unconventional practices.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-033
text: Expert consensus in the examined litigation record converges on a set of standard due diligence practices, beginning with qualitative review of firm marketing materials, offering documents, subscription documents, and manager track records, and onsite manager meetings.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: expert reports surveyed through Westlaw Expert Materials
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:2811718-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: applicable standard private fund IDD industry practices, as stipulated in the examined litigation record, include: qualitative review of firm "marketing materials, offering documents, subscription documents, manager track record[s]"243; onsite manager meetings;
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-035
text: The data suggest that since 2010 private fund advisers increasingly engage in investor due diligence in order to protect themselves from investor criticism and lawsuits.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: private fund advisers
scope conditions: since 2010
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2811718-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The data provided in this study seems to suggest that private fund advisers since 2010 increasingly engage in private fund IDD to protect themselves from investor criticism and lawsuits.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811718-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811718-036
text: Madoff related cases following the discovery of the Ponzi scheme in 2008 only partially explain the significant increase in the prevalence and importance of private fund investor due diligence after 2009.
claim type: empirical
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: post 2009 litigation and disclosure record
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811718-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Madoff-related cases in the aftermath of the discovery of the Madoff Ponzi scheme in 2008 only partially explain the significant increase in the prevalence and importance of private fund IDD after 2009.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-002
text: Unconstrained mutual funds share multiple investment strategy and risk attributes with fixed income hedge funds, a finding the authors ground in trading data and prospectuses of all such funds launched from 2010 through 2015.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: hand-selected sample of unconstrained mutual funds launched 2010 through 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2811729-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: article demonstrates that unconstrained mutual funds share multiple investment strategy and risk attributes with fixed income hedge funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-009
text: Average unconstrained mutual fund performance over the three years preceding the study was lower than the return on the ten-year Treasury, and poor performance was often accompanied by high fees and increased credit risk.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: three-year period preceding the study
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811729-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: On average, UMF performance has disappointed over the last three years, with returns lower than the return on the ten-year Treasury.43 Often, poor UMF performance has been accompanied by high fees and increased credit risk.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-012
text: Three features make it uniquely challenging for retail investors to evaluate the risks of unconstrained mutual funds: the lack of standard benchmarks, the recent emergence of the fund type, and the diversity and complexity of the strategies and risk exposures involved.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: retail investors evaluating unconstrained mutual fund securities
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2811729-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the lack of standard benchmarks for UMFs, the recent emergence of UMFs as an investment asset type, and the diversity among and complexity of UMFs' strategies and risk exposures make it uniquely challenging for retail investors to evaluate the risks of investing in UMF securities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-013
text: Because unconstrained mutual funds comply with the Company Act, they may be marketed and sold to all classes of retail investors, including those with limited or even no experience investing in securities.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: funds registered and compliant under the Investment Company Act
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2811729-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Compliance with the Company Act means that UMFs may be marketed and sold to all classes of retail investors, including retail investors who have limited, or even no, experience investing in securities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-014
text: The SEC's interpretation of Section 18 leaves a mutual fund subject to no statutory limitation or cap on its ability to borrow through the use of derivative instruments, provided the fund adheres to its asset segregation obligations.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: mutual funds using derivatives under SEC Section 18 guidance as of 2016
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811729-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In sum, the SEC's position has meant that a mutual fund is not subject to a statutory limitation or cap on its ability to borrow through the use of derivative instruments, if the fund adheres to its asset segregation obligations.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-015
text: Proposed Rule 18f-4 would be highly limited in mitigating liquidity and other risks in an unconstrained mutual fund portfolio, because material leverage, counterparty, and liquidity risks in such a fund can arise from investments in a range of non-derivative instruments that the rule does not reach.
claim type: failure
topics: defi
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: proposed Company Act Rule 18f-4 as proposed in December 2015
scope conditions: unconstrained mutual funds with broad investment authority
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2811729-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: in mitigating significant liquidity or other risks in a UMF portfolio is therefore potentially (highly) limited, as material leverage, counter-party, liquidity, and other risks to a particular UMF could arise from the fund's investments in a range of non-derivative instruments,
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-016
text: If a private fund's offering process successfully limits its investors to accredited investors or qualified purchasers, the retail investor protection principles of the Company Act do not apply to the fund's trading, operation, and governance.
claim type: condition
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: private funds relying on Sections 3(c)(1) or 3(c)(7)
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2811729-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, if a private fund's offering process successfully limits its investors to either "accredited investors" or "qualified purchasers," the retail investor protection principles of the Company Act will not apply to the private fund's trading, operation, and governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-017
text: The authors operationalize unconstrained status by binary coding eleven prospectus characteristics and treating a score of nine or better as unconstrained, producing a final study sample of 84 funds out of 114 funds identified in the Morningstar Nontraditional Bond index.
claim type: definitional
topics: research-methods
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: securities-law
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: Morningstar Nontraditional Bond index constituents
scope conditions: most recent fund-level prospectuses as of the study
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811729-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: of purely unconstrained mutual funds (i.e., those which were the focus of this study) (N=84) included only those UMFs that scored a "9" or better out of a total of 114 funds identified in the Morningstar Nontraditional Bond index.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-033
text: Retail investors may be led to believe that unconstrained mutual funds are safe relative to other fixed income mutual funds precisely because they are marketed, offered, and regulated as mutual funds, a risk that is unique to retail investors in these funds.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: retail investors purchasing unconstrained funds through mutual fund channels
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811729-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Retail investors may also be led to believe that UMFs are "safe" products relative to other fixed income mutual funds, because they are marketed, offered, and regulated as mutual funds. This is a risk that is unique to retail investors in UMFs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2811729-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2811729-034
text: A retail investor's experience investing in traditional mutual funds is likely to be a poor indicator of whether that investor will understand the risks of investing in an unconstrained mutual fund.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: retail investors extrapolating from prior traditional mutual fund experience
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2811729-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, retail investors' experience investing in "traditional" mutual funds is likely to be a poor indicator of whether a retail investor will understand the risks associated with investing in a UMF.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-003
text: Using self-reported Morningstar earnings data for 3,424 US private fund advisers covering 2010 to 2015 in multiple regression discontinuity designs with robustness checks, private fund adviser registration and disclosure under the Dodd-Frank Act had no significant effect on private fund adviser returns.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
topics: research-methods
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: US based private fund advisers subject to Title IV
scope conditions: 2010 to 2015 monthly earnings data
scope conditions: registration effective date March 30, 2012 as the discontinuity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2816408-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Based on the evidence in multiple RD designs including robustness checks, we conclude that private fund adviser registration and disclosure under the Dodd-Frank Act had no significant effect on private fund adviser returns.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-004
text: The evidence contradicts the private fund industry's claim that private fund adviser registration under the Dodd-Frank Act negatively affects private fund performance.
claim type: empirical
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: US private fund advisers
scope conditions: 2010 to 2015
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2816408-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This evidence contradicts claims of the private fund industry that private fund adviser registration under the Dodd-Frank Act negatively affects private fund performance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-006
text: Dodd-Frank Act compliance costs fall most heavily on advisers managing the largest number of reporting funds, because private fund advisers incur roughly $10,000 in compliance cost per reporting fund.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: advisers with multiple reporting funds
scope conditions: per fund cost estimate from Kaal 2013a
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2816408-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because private fund advisers incur about $10,000 compliance cost per reporting fund (Kaal 2013a), Dodd-Frank Act compliance costs are highest for those advisers in our dataset with the highest number of reporting funds under management.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-007
text: A second channel by which Title IV could lower performance is risk reduction: private fund advisers have expressed concern that regulation will force them to take on less risk and therefore earn lower returns.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: advisers subject to registration and disclosure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2816408-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Second, some private fund advisers have expressed concern that regulation will force them to take on less risk (Kaal 2013a), therefore lowering performance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-009
text: Surveys of private fund managers conducted in 2012 and 2015 show that a clear majority of managers believed increased compliance costs negatively affect the industry.
claim type: empirical
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: compliance
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: survey respondents among private fund managers
scope conditions: 2012 and 2015 surveys
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2816408-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Kaal (2013a, 2016b) demonstrated in surveys of private fund managers conducted in 2012 and 2015 that a clear majority of private fund managers believed that increased compliance costs negatively affect the industry.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-010
text: Private fund managers themselves distinguish costs from returns: a majority of surveyed managers opined that Dodd-Frank Act registration and disclosure requirements do not affect the returns of the private fund industry, even though compliance costs affect the profitability of their management companies.
claim type: empirical
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: private-funds
topics: compliance
scope conditions: survey respondents among private fund managers
scope conditions: 2012 and 2015 surveys
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2816408-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the majority of private fund manager respondents opined that registration and disclosure requirements under the Dodd-Frank Act do not affect the returns of the private fund industry (Kaal 2013a, 2016b).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-011
text: Estimates of annual Dodd-Frank Act compliance cost for private fund advisers range from $50,000 to $400,000 per year.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: registered private fund advisers
scope conditions: estimates drawn from prior work
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2816408-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Some estimates suggest that compliance cost will range from $50,000 to $400,000 per year (Kaal 2013a and 2015b).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-012
text: Title IV exempts private fund advisers with less than $150 million assets under management from registration, and requires the SEC to weigh investment strategy, size, and governance in determining the systemic risk of private funds.
claim type: definitional
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: United States
scope conditions: Dodd-Frank Act section 408
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2816408-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Title IV of the Dodd-Frank Act exempts private fund advisers with less than $150 million AUM from registration (Dodd-Frank Act § 408) and requires the SEC to examine factors including the investment strategy, size, and governance of an investment adviser
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-013
text: The quarterly Form PF reporting obligation imposed on advisers with more than $1.5 billion in regulatory assets under management attributable to private funds exists to give the FSOC timely data for identifying trends in systemic risk.
claim type: design
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: advisers with RAUM above $1.5 billion attributable to private funds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 4

id: kaal:claim:2816408-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The quarterly reporting requirement for large private fund advisers is intended to provide timely data that enables the FSOC to identify trends in systemic risk (IA Release 3308).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2816408-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2816408-019
text: Across an array of robustness tests, the requirements introduced by the Dodd-Frank Act create no significant effect on private fund performance, with all reported RD p-values above the 5% level.
claim type: empirical
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: RD results reported in Table 6
scope conditions: entire sample and March 2012 estimates
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 6

id: kaal:claim:2816408-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Using an array of robustness tests validating our RD results, Figures 3-7 suggest that the requirements introduced by the Dodd-Frank Act create no significant effect on private fund performance. The P-values for all RD results in Table 6 are above the 5% level and confirm our finding of no effect.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-021
text: Deferred prosecution agreements produce superior feedback effects for regulation because the prosecutor's investigation and the negotiation and execution of the agreement signal regulatory needs in real time.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2831040-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DPAs produce superior feedback effects for regulation as the prosecutor's investigation and DPA negotiations and executions signal regulatory needs real-time.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-025
text: Early regulatory intervention becomes unnecessary in a dynamic regulatory framework, because the regulatory challenges associated with innovation would become transparent in real time through improved, decentralized information and feedback effects.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: disclosure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: a functioning dynamic regulatory framework
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2831040-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because in a dynamic regulatory framework, the regulatory challenges associated with innovation would become transparent in real- time, early regulatory intervention would not be necessary.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-026
text: In the dynamic regulatory framework, feedback effects and real time information permit regulatory intervention if and only when it is needed, which avoids stunting innovation through negative early signals, the inability to keep pace with later stage innovation, and information asymmetries.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: theoretical dynamic regulatory framework
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2831040-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the theoretical dynamic regulatory framework, feedback effects and real-time information on regulatory challenges associated with innovation allow regulatory intervention if and only when needed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-030
text: The pace of innovation is incompatible with existing regulatory approaches that demand comprehensive knowledge as a precondition for regulatory action, because innovation is too decentralized, too fast, and too pervasive.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: regulatory approaches conditioned on comprehensive prior knowledge
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:2831040-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the pace of innovation is incompatible with existing regulatory approaches that demand comprehensive knowledge as a basis for taking regulatory action because innovation is too decentralized, too fast, and too pervasive
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-031
text: The United States lacks an anticipatory system at the national level because no mechanism exists for bringing foresight and policymaking into an effective relationship.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: United States national government
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:2831040-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the United States lacks an anticipatory system at the national level because no mechanism exists for bringing foresight and policymaking into an effective relationship
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-032
text: Anticipatory rulemaking in the dynamic framework is accomplished by combining institution specific, decentralized, and timely information with feedback effects, which can occur between public and private rulemakers, between outcomes and institutions, across jurisdictions, and between rules and rulemaking processes.
claim type: design
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2831040-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It relies on the use of institution-specific, decentralized, and timely information5 in combination with feedback effects (Kaal 2014b). Feedback effects can occur in several settings including feedback processes between different public and private rulemakers
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-034
text: Dynamic regulatory tools lower unforeseen contingencies in innovation related rulemaking because their feedback effects supply relevant, timely, decentralized, and institution specific information ex ante, which also helps maintain certainty in the rulemaking process.
claim type: mechanism
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: dynamic-regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2831040-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By increasing the availability of information ex-ante, dynamic regulatory tools help lower unforeseen contingencies in the rulemaking process pertaining to innovation. Improved information for rulemaking also helps maintaining certainty in the rulemaking process.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-036
text: Rules operate as a feedback effect on the rulemaking process itself: rules with suboptimal characteristics result from institutional arrangements and then reinforce those suboptimal arrangements, and stable presumptively optimal rules reinforce an institutional structure that perpetuates stability in rules.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2831040-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Existing rules create a feedback effect for the rulemaking process itself. Rules with suboptimal characteristics are the results of institutional arrangements and reinforce suboptimal institutional arrangements and rulemaking processes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2831040-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2831040-037
text: Consumer choice adds a dynamic element to rulemaking because once consumers opt out of a suboptimal regulatory regime, public rulemakers in that jurisdiction can adjust their rulemaking in response, creating a feedback effect for the public rulemaker.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: institutional-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: jurisdictions where consumers can opt out of a regulatory regime
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

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text: Consumer choice can add a dynamic element to the rulemaking process because public rulemakers in a given jurisdiction can adjust rulemaking to consumer choice once consumers have opted out of a suboptimal regulatory regime in that jurisdiction.
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text: Dynamic regulation optimizes anticipatory governance for innovation by emphasizing adaptation to and anticipation of the unforeseen contingencies associated with innovation.
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text: Dynamic regulation can help optimize anticipatory governance for innovation by emphasizing the adaptation to and anticipation of unforeseen contingencies associated with innovation.
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id: kaal:claim:2834531-002
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text: Because neither national nor international law recognizes artificial intelligence as a subject of law, AI has no legal personality and therefore cannot itself be held liable for the damages it causes.
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id: kaal:claim:2834531-002:source-passage
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text: Because national and international law do not currently recognize AI as a subject of law, AI has no legal personality and as such cannot be held personally liable for damages.
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id: kaal:claim:2834531-008
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text: The existing regulatory infrastructure cannot sufficiently distinguish and harness beneficial innovation.
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text: The delegation of technology policy to politicians advised by experts rested on public trust that has since eroded: consistent empirical evidence shows that trust in both government and experts has declined in recent years.
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text: Contesting the safety rationale offered for restricting Uber, the authors argue that the two way rating system and the algorithmic matching of drivers and customers already provide an effective means of policing drivers and ensuring a safe ride.
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text: The post truth diagnosis is self defeating as a basis for regulation: if there is no objective basis on which to act, the conclusion is inertia or reproduction of the status quo, which is precisely the regulatory paralysis the diagnosis purports to describe.
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text: Using investment data would let regulators act proactively, avoid wasting resources on technologies unlikely to reach the market, and define the scope of a technology more accurately by focusing on the type of firm attracting investor attention.
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id: kaal:claim:2834531-033:source-passage
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text: This might then allow regulators to be more pro–active and avoid wasting resources on technologies that are unlikely to make it to market. It would also allow regulators to more accurately define the scope of a technology by focusing on the type of firm that is attracting attention.
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text: The most interesting feature of the sandbox is that ideas, products, and services are tested in a live environment, made possible by a set of default parameters the FCA defined that can be altered case by case.
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id: kaal:claim:2834531-042:source-passage
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text: What is perhaps most interesting about the sandbox is that new ideas, product, and services can be tested in a "live" environment.112 In order to create this environment, the FCA defined a set of default parameters that can be altered on a case–by–case basis.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-010
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text: Much corporate governance reform consists of repackaging old content under new or revised labels rather than introducing new governance.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-010:source-passage
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text: Corporate governance reform often takes place by repackaging old content with new or revised labels.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-019
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text: Platform companies embrace an unmediated, flat, and inclusive culture in which trust and value are generated through the platform itself rather than through the management of workers and physical assets.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-019:source-passage
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text: Most importantly, platform companies embrace an unmediated, flat, and inclusive culture.72 Trust and value are created through platforms, instead of the management of workers and physical assets.
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text: Inclusive and unmediated stakeholder relationships demand a much higher degree of cooperation, loyalty, and mutual trust than control-oriented, centralized, and vertical organizational forms do.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-024:source-passage
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text: Compared to the more control-oriented, centralized, and vertical organizational forms, inclusive and unmediated relationships among firms' stakeholders require a high degree of cooperation, loyalty, and mutual trust.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-026
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text: The use of legalese and substantial involvement of the legal department in corporate communications substantially damages the originality and authenticity of those communications, making them mediated and less effective.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-026:source-passage
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text: The use of legalese and any substantial involvement of the legal department in corporate communications can have a substantial detrimental effect on the originality and authenticity of corporate communications, making them mediated and less effective.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-030
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text: The monitoring and advising roles of the board are no longer sufficient, and a board confined to those roles is a missed opportunity to obtain unmediated and relevant market feedback on company initiatives.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-030:source-passage
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text: Successful companies recognize that the monitoring and advising role of the board is no longer sufficient and that the board of directors in many ways may constitute a missed opportunity for receiving feedback on company initiatives, e.g., unmediated and relevant input from the market.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-033
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text: It is feasible that in the not too distant future an artificial intelligence will hold an independent board seat with voting authority and be trusted to make smarter, data-driven choices than human directors.
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scope conditions: extrapolated from the appointment of the algorithm Vital at Deep Knowledge Ventures and Alicia T at Tieto
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-033:source-passage
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text: In the not too distant future it seems feasible that artificial intelligence will have an independent board seat and may be trusted to make smarter – data-driven – choices than humans.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-034
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text: Critics who dismiss artificial intelligence on boards as science fiction not worth engaging are wrong: AI on boards is a real prospect, and technologies such as blockchain-based smart contracts will both disrupt corporate governance and supply solutions to it.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-034:source-passage
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-035
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text: Fundamental flaws in the DAO's code allowed hackers to move one third of contributed funds to a subsidiary account, ending that initiative, but the flaws were in the implementation and do not defeat the DAO vision, which developers continue to rebuild.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-035:source-passage
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text: The initial DAO did not end well, but DAO enthusiasts and coders are developing new structures to address the flaws of the existing DAO infrastructure. Fundamental flaws in the DAO code made it possible for hackers to transfer one third of the total contributed funds to a subsidiary account.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-036
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text: In a decentralized autonomous organization a series of smart contracts grants token holders voting rights, so the blockchain-based smart contract performs the function that articles of incorporation or bylaws perform in a conventional company.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-036:source-passage
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-037
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text: Contemporary corporate governance reforms are unlikely to work as policymakers and regulators intend, because experts agree improvement is needed but disagree widely on what good corporate governance is or how to achieve it.
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id: kaal:claim:2922176-037:source-passage
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-004
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text: Law schools that invest early in artificial intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain will gain a comparative advantage over peer schools irrespective of ranking, because demand for lawyers trained in those technologies is likely to spike once law firm adoption crosses a threshold.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-004:source-passage
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text: comparative advantage vis-à-vis their peers, regardless of the ranking of such school, because the demand for lawyers adequately trained in artfical intelligence, machine learning, and blockchain is likely to increase sharply at a threshold point of law firm adoption.
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text: Intermediaries, lawyers among them, are replaced by code, connectivity, crowd, and collaboration.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-015:source-passage
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text: Blockchain's distributed consensus model permits node verification of transactions without compromising the privacy of the parties, which makes it arguably safer than a traditional model requiring third party intermediary validation.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-017:source-passage
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-018
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text: Smart contract arrangements involving several parties and greater complexity require the verifiable and unhackable system that blockchain technology supplies.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-023
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text: Leveraging the big data collected through Legal Tech solutions and blockchain applications in combination with machine learning produces more creative and faster tools, which in turn generates a surge of innovative platforms that disrupt the legal industry.
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text: Leveraging the big data that is collected by using Legal Tech solutions and blockchain applications in combination with machine learning creates more creative and faster tools.
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text: Although blockchain technology itself offers unprecedented data and privacy protection, storing blockchain data across a global network of nodes often will not comply with the consumer protection rules, directives, and guidelines of particular jurisdictions.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-028:source-passage
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-030
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text: Fundamental flaws in the DAO's code let hackers move one third of its total funds to a subsidiary account, and that hack together with further technological limitations destroyed the DAO initiative.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-030:source-passage
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text: Alas, things went terribly wrong with the DAO. Fundamental flaws in the DAO code enabled hackers to transfer one-third of the total funds to a subsidiary account.92 This hack in combination with additional technological limitations brought down the DAO initiative.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-031
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text: Because a series of smart contracts granted DAO token holders voting rights, the blockchain based smart contracts performed the function of articles of association or corporate bylaws, in an organization that had no directors, managers, or employees.
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:2939127-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because a series of smart contracts granted DAO token holders voting rights, the blockchain-based smart contracts imitated the role of articles of association or bylaws.
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-032
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text: Open legal questions about the DAO, including which regime governs token issuance, minority token holder protection, taxation, the binding force of DAO smart contracts, ownership of intellectual property, and conflict resolution, must be answered before future DAO structures can operate seamlessly.
claim type: condition
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topics: securities-law
topics: governance-design
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attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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id: kaal:claim:2939127-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Open legal issues pertaining to the DAO need to be addressed before future DAO setups can operate seamlessly.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2939127-040
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text: For the parts of dealmaking and other legal tasks that cannot be placed on a blockchain, the role of non blockchainable agents of trust may expand, and blockchain driven disintermediation of law may itself create additional legal tasks requiring human lawyers.
claim type: predictive
topics: decentralization
topics: reputation
topics: blockchain
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: legal tasks that require the ambiguity and flexibility of law
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: speculative
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:2939127-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For the parts of dealmaking and the other legal tasks that are non-blockchainable, the role for other, non-blockchainable agents of trust may expand. It seems possible that the blockchain-driven disintermediation of law itself creates additional legal tasks that require human lawyer input.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2957645-001
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text: Contingent capital securities are a largely overlooked dynamic regulatory mechanism, and their regulatory value lies in their capacity to generate feedback effects, optimized timing, and improved information for regulation.
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topics: institutional-design
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:2957645-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Contingent capital securities are a largely overlooked dynamic regulatory mechanism.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2957645-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-011
text: Feedback effects change the timing of regulatory information: instead of acquiring necessary information only after rules have already proven suboptimal, they increase the availability of relevant information ex ante and support anticipation of necessary revisions.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: an informational exchange process between regulated entities and rulemakers is in place
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2957645-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Rather than acquiring necessary information after rules have emerged as suboptimal, feedback effects help increase the availability of relevant information for rulemaking ex ante and anticipate necessary revisions
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id: kaal:claim:2957645-012
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canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-012
text: Anticipatory regulation, which uses institution-specific and timely information together with feedback effects to create new rules, can minimize costly and suboptimal ex-post trial-and-error experimentation with stable and presumptively optimal rules.
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topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: institution-specific and timely information is actually available to rulemakers
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2957645-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Anticipatory regulation uses institution-specific, timely information and feedback effects to create new rules.24 Anticipatory dynamic regulation can help minimize costly and suboptimal ex-post, trial-and-error experimentation with stable and presumptively optimal rules.25
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2957645-013
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canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-013
text: Deferred prosecution agreements and venture capital investment decisions function as dynamic regulatory tools because they increase the availability of relevant, decentralized, and timely information for rulemaking and facilitate feedback effects.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: innovation
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: regulators can observe the content of DPAs and venture capital investment trends
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:2957645-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DPAs and venture capital investment decisions increase the availability of relevant, decentralized, and timely information for rulemaking and facilitate feedback effects.
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id: kaal:claim:2957645-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-018
text: The conversion feature of contingent capital securities has the potential to change the control dynamic, the distribution of power, and the dependencies within systemically important financial institutions.
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topics: contingent-capital
topics: systemic-risk
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topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: systemically important financial institutions with outstanding contingent capital securities
scope conditions: conversion is actually triggered
attribution class: source_derived
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2957645-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The conversion feature of CCS has the potential to change the control dynamic, power, and dependencies within systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2957645-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-022
text: The threat of dilution of stock holdings, combined with the threat of loss upon conversion, could help reduce the pressure shareholders place on management of systemically important financial institutions to take increasing risks.
claim type: mechanism
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: systemic-risk
topics: contingent-capital
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scope conditions: conversion dilutes existing common shareholders
scope conditions: shareholders anticipate the dilution ex ante
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2957645-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The threat of dilution of stock holdings, in combination with a threat of loss due to conversion could help reduce shareholder pressure on SIFI management to take increasing risks.48
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id: kaal:claim:2957645-023
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text: Where conversion has a negative effect on stock price, management is further incentivized to maintain and manage risk in order to avoid reputational loss and the income reduction caused by losses in stock options.
claim type: mechanism
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topics: contingent-capital
scope conditions: conversion depresses the issuer's stock price
scope conditions: management compensation includes stock options
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2957645-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In situations where conversion had a negative effect on stock price,49 management could be incentivized further to maintain and manage risk to avoid reputational loss and income reduction due to losses in stock
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2957645-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-025
text: Contingent capital qualifies as a dynamic regulatory mechanism because capital injection is available only if and when needed and because the conversion of contingent capital securities into near worthless equity signals impending regulatory issues to regulators, which creates feedback effects.
claim type: mechanism
topics: contingent-capital
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: contingent capital securities are outstanding and their conversion is observable by regulators
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2957645-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Contingent capital is a dynamic regulatory mechanism because (1) capital injection is available only if and when needed; (2) signaling to regulators of impending regulatory issues via conversion of CCS to near worthless equity creates feedback effects;
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2957645-027
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canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-027
text: Contingent capital creates feedback effects because the conversion of debt to equity signals to regulators that the entity's management was unable to avoid the trigger, which is itself a call for increased regulatory scrutiny.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: contingent-capital
scope conditions: regulators observe conversion events
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2957645-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Second, contingent capital creates feedback effects because the conversion of debt to equity signals to regulators that the respective entity's management that was unable to avoid the trigger from debt to equity, which calls for increased regulatory scrutiny.57
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2957645-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2957645-031
text: Most of the design features of contingent capital securities and their triggering events remain underdeveloped, yet despite these shortcomings such securities could still help regulators anticipate regulatory needs in real time through feedback effects and improved information.
claim type: failure
topics: contingent-capital
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: state of contingent capital design as of the time of writing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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id: kaal:claim:2957645-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While most of the design features of CCS and their triggering events are underdeveloped, despite these shortcomings, CCS could help allows regulators to anticipate regulatory needs in real-time, supported by feedback effects and improved information for regulation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-001
text: Private fund advisers' increasing use of blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data is a distinct source of downward pressure on the traditional 2/20 fee structure that commentators have not examined.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: private-funds
topics: innovation
scope conditions: private investment fund industry
scope conditions: period of roughly 2007 to 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:2959730-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A factor contributing to the market pressure on the fee structure that has not been examined by commentators pertains to the increasing use of use of blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data by private fund advisers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-002
text: The majority of private fund advisers that deploy blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data in their operations or strategy charge their investors lower fees, even though not all blockchain enabled funds charge per transaction fees.
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attribution class: source_derived
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
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id: kaal:claim:2959730-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While not all blockchain-enabled private investment funds charge per-transaction fees, the majority of private fund advisers that use blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data in different aspects of their operations or strategy charge their investors lower fees.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-007
text: New managers increasingly face contested track records, meaning the new firm cannot get a consensus from the manager's old employer about the manager's track record with that employer.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
scope conditions: first time managers spinning out of a prior employer
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:2959730-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, the industry is increasingly seeing contested track records for new managers, i.e., the new firm cannot get a consensus from the new manager's old employer about the manager's track record with that employer.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-017
text: Blockchain removes fraudulent transactions primarily through completely decentralized network connectivity via the Internet, rather than through digital signatures alone, which only establish the identity and authenticity of the parties.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: decentralized peer to peer networks with Internet connectivity
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:2959730-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While blockchain's use of digital signatures helps establish the identity and authenticity of the parties involved in the transaction, it is the completely decentralized network connectivity via the Internet that allows the most protection against fraud.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-019
text: Blockchain's distributed consensus model, in which network nodes verify and validate chain transactions before execution, makes it extremely rare for a fraudulent transaction to be recorded in the blockchain.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: distributed consensus models with node verification prior to execution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:2959730-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain's distributed consensus model, e.g., the network "nodes" verify and validate chain transactions before execution of the transactions, makes it extremely rare for a fraudulent transaction to be recorded in the blockchain.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-020
text: Cryptographic hashing makes blockchain manipulation immediately detectable because the hash incorporates all previous transactions, so that even a single digit change produces a different hash value.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
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scope conditions: chained hashing that incorporates all prior transactions
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:2959730-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The smallest change to the blockchain, even a single digit/value, results in a different hash value. A different hash value makes any form of manipulation immediately detectable.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-025
text: In the Numerai model, the use of artificial intelligence achieves efficiency and optimum capital allocation by reducing overhead costs, because there is no cost of human capital.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: crowdsourced data scientist models synthesized into a meta model
scope conditions: cryptocurrency incentivized contribution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:2959730-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the Numerai model, the use of artificial intelligence ultimately helps achieve the goal of efficiency and optimum capital allocation by reducing overhead costs because there is no cost of human capital.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-030
text: Traditional per transaction fee models failed because settlement and calculation created a prohibitive amount of work that made such operations very difficult to execute; blockchain technology overcomes all of these restrictions.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: fee models requiring manual reconciliation and settlement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2959730-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In contrast to the traditional settlement and calculation of fees in a per-transaction model that created a prohibitive amount of work making such operations very difficult to execute, blockchain technology overcomes all of these restrictions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-031
text: Manual per transaction fee calculation and settlement is prone to human error, and these errors are removed through the use of blockchain technology.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: fee calculation and settlement performed manually
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2959730-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While normally the use of this type of fee is prone to human errors that occur during manual calculation or settlement, these errors are removed through the use of blockchain technology
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2959730-042
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2959730-042
text: The rise of blockchain applications in private investment funds can exacerbate the industry's already changing fee structure.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: private investment fund industry as of 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2959730-042:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The paper has illustrated that the rise of blockchain applications in private investment funds can exacerbate the already changing fee structure of the industry.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-003
text: If the jurisdictional means necessary for conflict resolution mechanisms covering Ethereum blockchain based smart contracting are absent, consumers will mistrust the new technology, and that mistrust can undermine the evolution of the blockchain based crypto economy.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: economics
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: Ethereum blockchain based smart contracting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 41

id: kaal:claim:2992962-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Not having the required jurisdictional means necessary for conflict resolution mechanisms for Ethereum blockchain-based smart contracting, may invoke consumer mistrust in the new technology. This can then undermine the evolution of the blockchain-based crypto economy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-005
text: Even if every user and supporter of the blockchain and their locations were known, it would still not be possible to exercise jurisdiction in the traditional meaning of the word, because the system operates largely autonomously.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: compliance
topics: decentralization
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: autonomously run public blockchains
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2992962-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because the system operates largely autonomously, even if every user and supporter of the blockchain and their location were known, it would still not be possible to exercise jurisdiction in the traditional meaning of the word.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-006
text: Because the challenges crypto transactions pose to the existing legal and jurisdictional infrastructure are severe, including good governance in crypto transactions requires instituting governance solutions inherent in the blockchain technology itself.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: blockchain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2992962-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because of the severity of these challenges for the existing legal and jurisdictional infrastructure, we conclude that the sensible approach for including good governance in crypto transactions necessitates instituting governance solutions inherent in the blockchain technology itself.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-007
text: Proof of work mining carries significant externalities: the authors estimate that the total energy cost of running the global network of computers solving proof of work puzzles was around 700 million US dollars per year before publication.
claim type: empirical
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: proof of work consensus, before publication of the article in 2017
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:2992962-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: One problem with proof-of-work mining is that there are significant externalities. Before the publication of this article, the total energy costs for running the global network of computers devoted to solving the proof-of-work puzzles was estimated at around $700 million USD per year.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-008
text: Anonymity survives the blockchain's permanent public record because a new private key can be created for each transaction, so although public key addresses are stored eternally, each transaction allows an entirely new cryptographically secured private identity.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: public-key cryptography as implemented in bitcoin and Ethereum
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:2992962-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: So, while we can track the public key of the addresses of each transaction, and that information is stored eternally in the blockchain, each transaction allows for an entirely new private identity which is cryptographically secured.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-017
text: Because smart contracts are coded for computer programming rather than for a human observer, courts may not be able to hypothesize a reasonable human's interpretation of a given smart contract.
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: contract interpretation disputes over coded smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2992962-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because of the emphasis on code for computer programming (and artificial intelligence), courts may not be able to hypothesize a reasonable human's interpretation of a given smart contract.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-019
text: Real world court decisions on smart contract disputes, even where attainable, may not carry the same legitimacy and authority for the parties as intra-blockchain dispute resolution mechanisms.
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
topics: systemic-risk
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:2992962-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In other words, real world court decisions even if attainable may not have the same legitimacy and authority as other intra-blockchain dispute resolution mechanism may have.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-020
text: Even if courts were given authority to order changes to smart contract code, a programmer coerced by a court could not override the will of the majority of anonymous international blockchain users to make an effective change.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: compliance
scope conditions: decentralized blockchains maintained by an anonymous global user majority
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 17

id: kaal:claim:2992962-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Even if courts were given such authority, no programmer so coerced by the court would be able to override the will of the majority of anonymous international blockchain users to make an effective change.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-035
text: The economic incentive for Aragon judges to follow the more popular vote, since judges keep their bond only if they voted with the majority, calls into question whether the mechanism delivers effective, non arbitrary, and fair dispute resolution.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: systemic-risk
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: the Aragon bond and majority reward mechanism, despite anonymous voting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2992962-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the economic incentives for judges to follow a more popular vote (in the Aragon system judges keep their bond if they voted with the majority), despite the overall anonymity of the voting, may call required notions of effective, non- arbitrary, and fair dispute resolution mechanisms into question.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2992962-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2992962-039
text: Because no conceivable way exists to permanently hide an arbiter's reputation from the arbiter in an open system, the corruption risk created by high reputation arbiters becoming valued counselors for disputants is an insoluble problem with the authors' own proposal.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: open reputation systems for anonymous arbiters
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:2992962-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because no conceivable way exists to permanently hide an arbiter's reputation from the arbiter in an open system, this is an insoluble problem with the proposal.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-001
text: Blockchain technology lowers transaction costs by eliminating intermediaries, and it substitutes immutability and cryptography for the trust that intermediaries previously supplied.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:2998033-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain technology's elimination of intermediaries removes transaction costs and creates a platform for trust through truth and transparency for parties through its immutability and use of cryptography.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-005
text: Blockchain creates a data protection paradox: the technology itself offers strong privacy protection, yet storing blockchain data across a global network of nodes will often violate specific consumer protection rules and directives in individual jurisdictions.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: compliance
scope conditions: applies where consumer protection or data protection rules impose jurisdiction specific storage requirements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 17

id: kaal:claim:2998033-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While blockchain technology itself offers unprecedented genuine data and privacy protection, the storage of blockchain data across a global network of nodes often will not comply with specific consumer protection rules, directives, and guidelines around the world.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-007
text: The DAO failed because of fundamental flaws in its own code, which allowed hackers to move one third of its funds to a subsidiary account, showing that governance built entirely on smart contracts inherits the defects of its code.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: applies to organizations whose governance and asset control rest entirely on open source smart contract code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:2998033-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Alas, things went terribly wrong with the DAO. Fundamental flaws in the DAO code enabled hackers to transfer one third of the total funds to a subsidiary account.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-012
text: The SEC's denial of the Winklevoss Bitcoin exchange traded fund on grounds of susceptibility to fraud reflects the agency's distrust of the crypto asset class as a whole, and especially of funds that trade digital currencies.
claim type: empirical
topics: securities-law
topics: tokenomics
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:2998033-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The SEC's decision regarding the Bitcoin ETF reflects its distrust towards the crypto asset class as a whole, especially funds attempting to trade digital currencies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-017
text: Cryptocurrency gains are massively underreported to the IRS: despite Bitcoin rising from under twenty dollars in 2013 to over twelve hundred dollars in 2017, the IRS received only around 900 Form 8949 filings indicating crypto gain or loss over four years.
claim type: empirical
topics: disclosure
topics: tokenomics
topics: compliance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 11

id: kaal:claim:2998033-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While the value of Bitcoin in 2013 under $20 and its value appreciated to over $1200 in 2017, in the past four years, the IRS has only received around 900 Form 8949 that would indicate some gain or loss from cryptocurrencies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-020
text: Blockchain removes the reconciliation problem in private equity administration by letting every party to a deal view a single compiled version of the transaction and its associated data, instead of reconciling multiple copies of deal documents.
claim type: mechanism
topics: private-funds
topics: reputation
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: illustrated by the February 2017 Northern Trust and IBM private equity administration partnership
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:2998033-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the blockchain program announced by Northern Trust and IBM allows all involved parties in an equity deal to look at a single compiled version of the transaction and all other data relating to the deal.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-021
text: Repeated use of the same dataset by data scientists creates an overfitting risk: the training model fits the test set so closely that its performance on a different dataset degrades.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: applies to adaptive data analysis where the same data set is used repetitively
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:2998033-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: When data scientists use the same data set repetitively a risk exists that the training model will overfit the test set of data which can limit the performance of the applied model on a different dataset.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-022
text: Requiring data scientists to stake a cryptocurrency on their own predictions converts private confidence into a public signal, which enables the fund to select the optimal model and improve fund performance.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: describes Numerai's use of the Numeraire token as a staking mechanism
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:2998033-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The staking process, in turn, enables Numerai to choose the optimal model and in the process improve the performance of its hedge fund.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-030
text: Anecdotal evidence suggests that the majority of private fund advisers who use blockchain, artificial intelligence, and big data in their operations or strategy charge substantially lower fees than advisers who do not use these technologies.
claim type: empirical
topics: blockchain
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: characterized by the author as anecdotal rather than sample based evidence
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:2998033-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Anecdotal evidence suggests that the majority of private fund advisers that use blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and big data in different aspects of their operations or strategy have a substantially lower fee structure than those who do not use them.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998033-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998033-034
text: Blockchain enabled per transaction fees align fees with strategy turnover: clients in transaction intensive strategies agree upfront to higher fees while clients in less transaction rich strategies pay lower overall fees.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: disclosure
topics: economics
scope conditions: assumes the per transaction fee is predetermined with clients and can be made publicly available
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:2998033-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, clients who invest in a more transaction-prone strategy will be able to agree upfront to higher fees whereas clients who invest in a less transaction-rich strategy will pay overall lower fees.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-004
text: Banks overexposed themselves to private investment fund lending, which allowed LTCM and similar funds to grow significantly and led banks as counterparties to put their own existence at risk.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: defi
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: banks lending to private investment funds
scope conditions: pre 1998 lending practices
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2998097-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, banks overexposed themselves to private investment fund lending, allowing LTCM and other private investment funds to grow significantly. As counterparties to private investment funds, such as LTCM, banks put their own existence at risk with their lending practices.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-005
text: Post LTCM proposals for clearer credit risk strategies and credit risk management policies at financial intermediaries were inappropriately applied across the whole range of business models and lacked concrete implementation elements.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: post LTCM regulatory proposals
scope conditions: author's critique beginning in 2005
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2998097-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: He found that proposals involving clearer credit risk strategies and credit risk management policies and processes for financial intermediaries were inappropriately applied across the range of business models and lacked concrete implementation elements.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-006
text: Stress tests, Value at Risk, and Monte Carlo scenarios imposed on financial intermediaries that lend to private investment funds necessarily rely on historical data, so they are of limited value as indicators of high risk sensitivity to future events.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: risk models used by intermediaries exposed to private funds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2998097-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Increased stress tests, Value at Risk, and Monte Carlo scenarios for financial intermediaries to private investments funds necessarily use historical data and are less valuable as an indicator of high risk sensitivity for future events.39
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-010
text: Investor suitability standards requiring independent verification of an investor's ability to evaluate complex financial products and investment risk would make wealth redundant as a proxy for sophistication in determining investor eligibility.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: private investment fund investor eligibility
scope conditions: proposed in 2009, before Title IV
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:2998097-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such proposed investor suitability standards would require independent verification of investors' ability to evaluate highly complex financial products and investment risk, rendering wealth as a proxy for sophistication redundant for investor eligibility.54
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-014
text: Because advisers and third party service providers can flatten out and sanitize the information disclosed in Forms ADV and PF, the resulting disclosures may be less useful to the FSOC and the SEC in determining the systemic risk posed by private funds.
claim type: failure
topics: disclosure
topics: private-funds
topics: systemic-risk
topics: research-methods
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: Forms ADV and PF disclosures
scope conditions: level of sanitizing could not be verified in the study
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2998097-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Although the level of sanitizing of disclosures could not be verified, sanitized disclosures could be less useful for Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) and SEC evaluation and their determination of the systemic risk posed by private funds.84
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-015
text: The second survey found long-term negative effects of Title IV: 34.9 percent of respondents expected it to affect the industry over the next five years through additional expenses, and 32.6 percent expected it to create barriers to entry for new private fund market entrants.
claim type: empirical
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: 2015 survey of registered investment advisers
scope conditions: N=69
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 8

id: kaal:claim:2998097-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: More than a third of respondents (34.9%) opined that Title IV will affect the private fund industry in the next five years because of additional expenses, and nearly a third (32.6%) opined that it will create barriers to entry to private fund market entrants. 50% of
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-019
text: Rules become adaptable when institutions and rulemaking processes integrate feedback effects, including feedback between industry and regulators, that generate timely, relevant, and decentralized information before rules are finalized.
claim type: condition
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: dynamic regulation of the private investment fund industry
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:2998097-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Rules can become adaptable if institutions and rulemaking processes integrate feedback effects, including feedback effects between the industry and regulators, that produce timely, relevant, and decentralized information for rulemaking ex- ante before rulemakers finalize rules.137 By increasing the
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-021
text: The SEC's private fund data collection encountered accuracy and consistency problems that hampered the FSOC's ability to evaluate the systemic risk of private funds.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: SEC data collection under Title IV
scope conditions: FSOC systemic risk assessment
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2998097-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The paper created and evaluated data evidence that demonstrated that the SEC's data collection encountered accuracy and consistency problems that hampered the FSOC's ability to evaluate the systemic risk of private funds.141 The author
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-022
text: The FSOC relied most heavily on some of the most problematic disclosure items the SEC collects, even though SEC data played a crucial role at every stage of its systemic risk assessment of private funds.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: private-funds
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: FSOC systemic risk assessment of private funds
scope conditions: post Dodd-Frank Form PF data
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:2998097-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The author showed that while the SEC's data played a crucial role in all stages of FSOC's systemic risk assessment of private funds, the FSOC relied most heavily on some of the most problematic disclosure items collected by the SEC.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:2998097-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2998097-040
text: Blockchain technology enables managers to charge per-transaction fees, which undermines the existing 2 and 20 fee model, because it allows fully automated allocation of the correct fee to each executed trade without manual reconciliation or settlement.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: blockchain enabled private investment funds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 17

id: kaal:claim:2998097-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain technology enables managers to charge per- transaction fees which undermines the existing 2/20 fee model.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-005
text: Jurisdiction over the public blockchain does not exist within the present doctrinal infrastructure for jurisdiction, and in practice the blockchain cannot be regulated or governed because it is decentralized and autonomous.
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: blockchain
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: applies to public, permissionless blockchains rather than private or consortium ledgers with an identifiable operator
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:3002908-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: More specifically, jurisdiction over the public blockchain does not exist within the present doctrinal infrastructure for jurisdiction. In practice, the blockchain itself cannot be regulated or governed because it is decentralized and autonomous.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-009
text: The immutability and permanent recording built into blockchain technology may be the root of legal difficulties in European countries that recognize a right to be forgotten or comparable privacy rights.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: applies in jurisdictions recognizing a right to erasure, notably the EU under the General Data Protection Regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 17

id: kaal:claim:3002908-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The immutability and eternal recording of blockchain technology may be the root of legal difficulties in European countries that recognize the "right to be forgotten" or certain other privacy rights.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-011
text: Despite early cautioning and a call for action from its own commissioners, the SEC has not addressed core issues pertaining to the recognition of blockchain technology applications in finance.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
scope conditions: as of publication in 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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id: kaal:claim:3002908-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Despite this early cautioning and call for action, the SEC has not yet addressed core issues pertaining to the recognition of blockchain technology applications in finance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-016
text: In the decentralized DLT model, distributed consensus replaces the trusted central validation system, substituting cryptographic solutions and economic incentives for a central validator.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
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id: kaal:claim:3002908-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the decentralized DLT model, "distributed consensus" replaces the trusted central validation system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-017
text: Complex smart contracts involving several parties can only work if they rest on a verifiable and unhackable system, which is what blockchain technology supplies.
claim type: condition
topics: smart-contracts
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: applies to multiparty smart contracts of higher complexity, such as derivative contracts
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confidence: asserted
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id: kaal:claim:3002908-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Complex smart contracts involving several parties need to rely on a verifiable and unhackable system provided by blockchain technology.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-025
text: The market for private investment funds that invest in and utilize blockchain technology is close to equally divided between the United States and the European Union, with Russia and China playing significant roles.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: based on the article's hand coded dataset of 120 private investment fund advisers using blockchain technology
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:3002908-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The data analysis in this article suggests that the market for private investment funds who invest in- and utilize blockchain technology appears to be near equally divided between the US and the EU with Russia and China playing a significant role.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-031
text: Because American funds lean on smart contracting, they have a better opportunity to launch disruptive blockchain implementations, but they may also experience a higher rate of failure from greater exposure to technological risk.
claim type: predictive
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: smart-contracts
topics: innovation
scope conditions: conditional on American funds continuing to emphasize smart contracting over conservative crypto asset strategies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: speculative
relevance score: 11

id: kaal:claim:3002908-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This may imply that American private investment funds will have a better opportunity to launch future disruptive implementations of blockchain technology, while at the same time they may experience a higher rate of failure, due to a greater exposure to technological risks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-036
text: Whether private investment funds succeed in disintermediating banks through blockchain implementation depends on their ability to find scale opportunities.
claim type: condition
topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3002908-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Private investment funds' bank disintermediation through the implementation of blockchain technology will depend on their ability to find scale opportunities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3002908-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-037
text: The Northern Trust and IBM blockchain program removes the need for parties to reconcile multiple copies of deal documents by letting every party to a private equity deal look at a single compiled version of the transaction.
claim type: mechanism
topics: private-funds
topics: reputation
scope conditions: private equity deal administration, partnership announced February 2017
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3002908-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: which requires parties to reconcile multiples copies of the documents that form the deals to understand the greater picture, the blockchain program announced by Northern Trust and IBM allows all involved parties in an equity deal to look at a single compiled version
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id: kaal:claim:3002908-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3002908-038
text: The Numerai model reduces overhead costs because there is no cost of human capital, and it eliminates barriers to entry because participating users need neither capital nor any special finance or data knowledge.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: applies to the Numerai crowdsourced data science model running on the Ethereum blockchain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3002908-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: reducing overhead costs because there is no cost of human capital.135 In addition, Numerai eliminates barriers to entry because users do not need capital or any special finance or data knowledge.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-005
text: Under MBCA Section 7.32 the ten year duration limit is only a default rule, unlike the corresponding limit for voting trusts, so parties who specify a longer term are permitted to have it.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: agreements formed under MBCA Section 7.32
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3017612-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The section specifies a 10 year limit, a similar period to voting trusts, but unlike voting trusts, this period is just a default rule, so that if the parties specify a longer period it is permitted.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-006
text: Duration ceilings contained in voting trust statutes do not carry over to other types of shareholder agreements, and courts have repeatedly sustained shareholder agreements intended to run indefinitely.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: compliance
scope conditions: agreements other than voting trusts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3017612-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Duration limitations in the voting trust statutes do not apply to other types of shareholders' agreements.15 Numerous decisions have sustained shareholders' agreements which were to remain in effect indefinitely.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-010
text: MBCA Section 7.32 requires a writing but, departing from earlier statutes, does not require the agreement to sit in the articles or bylaws, so stand alone written shareholder agreements are expressly valid.
claim type: definitional
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: MBCA Section 7.32 agreements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:3017612-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The agreement must be in writing, but unlike some earlier statutes, the written agreement does not have to be in the articles or bylaws—stand-alone written agreements are specifically allowed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-013
text: Voting arrangements are not self executing: their existence does not relieve the corporation of observing the legal formalities of director and shareholder action.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: voting trusts, pooling agreements, and irrevocable proxies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3017612-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Voting arrangements are not self-executing, and the mere existence of a voting arrangement does not mean that the corporation should dispense with the legal formalities of director and shareholder actions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-016
text: A shareholder suing derivatively sues on the corporation's behalf and cannot convert the action into a personal one, even where the corporate injury has impaired the value of that shareholder's own stock.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: injury runs to the corporation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3017612-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The shareholders are simply suing on the corporation's behalf and cannot maintain actions on their own behalf to redress an injury to the corporation even if the value of their stock is impaired as a result of the injury.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-031
text: Where a shareholder agreement is folded into the charter or bylaws, it thereby becomes subject to whatever amendment procedure those documents or the statute provide, so charter integration exposes the arrangement to later modification.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: agreement incorporated into charter or bylaws rather than free standing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:3017612-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because shareholder agreements are often designed to avoid corporate formalities such as majority rule, "it is not unreasonable to require that the degree of deviation intended be explicitly set out.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-033
text: Shareholders frequently fail to place their agreements in the charter or bylaws, sometimes through ignorance or inadvertence and sometimes deliberately, because charters are public records and the parties prefer not to expose their arrangement to outsiders.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: closely held corporations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:3017612-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Still, shareholders often fail to include their shareholder agreements in the charter or bylaws—whether by ignorance or inadvertence.124 Sometimes this is intentional because charters are public records, and shareholders may not want their agreements open to outsiders.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-034
text: Absent explicit statutory authorization, many courts have refused to enforce veto provisions contained in shareholder agreements, which is why such provisions should be implemented through charter or bylaw amendment.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: states without statutes specifically authorizing shareholder control agreements
scope conditions: veto or supermajority provisions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3017612-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: explicit statutory authorization, many courts have refused to enforce veto provisions in shareholders' agreements.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-036
text: Even though New York decisions such as Adler v. Svingos suggest veto arrangements outside the charter will be specifically enforced, the better practice remains to amend the charter to insert them.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: New York close corporations
scope conditions: high voting or unanimity requirements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:3017612-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While shareholders of New York close corporations may be able to set up veto provisions without amending the corporation's charter, the better practice is to amend the charter to insert such arrangements.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3017612-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-038
text: Because damages rarely provide an adequate remedy for breach of a shareholder agreement, refusing specific enforcement amounts in substance to declaring the agreement invalid.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: suits to enforce shareholder voting agreements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:3017612-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Most often a suit for damages does not provide an adequate remedy for a breach of a shareholder agreement, so the denial of specific enforcement essentially declares the agreement invalid.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-003
text: ICOs cannot be qualified as donations and are therefore distinguishable from crowdfunding, because ICO participants acquire a financial stake in the company and, as the case may be, a right to vote on future decisions.
claim type: definitional
topics: tokenomics
topics: systemic-risk
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: comparison of ICOs to crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:3067615-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike crowdfunding, ICOs involve a financial stake in the company including, as the case may be, the right to vote on future decisions. Therefore, ICOs cannot be qualified as a donation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-004
text: Because Ethereum's decentralized platform incorporating smart contracts lets developers build applications directly on its blockchain, the majority of developers chose to write smart contracts on the Ethereum Virtual Machine rather than create their own blockchain technology, giving ICOs a uniform protocol.
claim type: mechanism
topics: smart-contracts
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: ICO market through 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3067615-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Given these advantages, the majority of developers opted for writing smart contracts on the Ethereum Virtual Machine rather than creating their own blockchain
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-005
text: Because whitepapers are not audited by any authority, the preliminary steps of the ICO roadmap, project announcement, executive summary, and investor comments, carry the burden of building market credibility and investor trust in the soundness of the project.
claim type: mechanism
topics: disclosure
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: standard ICO roadmap practice as of 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3067615-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Whitepapers are not audited by any authority. Therefore these preliminary steps are crucial in order to build a general market credibility and investors' trust in the soundness of the project
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-019
text: Token holders, unlike shareholders in the traditional corporate infrastructure, cannot vote for or against directors or nominate directors, so ordinary ICO investors have no governance channel and simply must trust the promoters and their business intent.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: typical ICO token structures
scope conditions: ordinary investors as distinct from institutional pre-sale investors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3067615-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Further limitations for token holders that amount to significant risk factors include token holders' inability, unlike shareholders in the traditional infrastructure, to vote for or against directors or to nominate directors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-022
text: Associated with the lack of an existing product is the inability of most crypto platforms to generate revenue to offset costs the way traditional businesses do, since they typically have neither employees who create and advertise a product nor customers who generate revenue.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: crypto platforms organized as foundations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:3067615-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Associated with the lack of an existing product is the inability of most crypto platforms to generate revenue to offset costs like traditional businesses.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-026
text: Because token offerings are built on open source code, the utility of an issued token can at any time be recreated in another token with essentially identical features at marginal cost, so investors cannot rely on the implicit promise that promoters and developers will increase the value of the acquired token rather than launch a duplicate.
claim type: failure
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: tokenomics
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: token offerings based on open source software
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:3067615-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Investors cannot rely on the implicit promise that the token promoters and their developers will increase the value of the acquired token and not create another token with identical features.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-027
text: Legacy businesses own their code and can sue competitors who copy it, whereas open source crypto start-ups rely only on licenses, and this weaker incentive structure makes ICO investments riskier.
claim type: failure
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: open source crypto start-ups compared to legacy code-owning businesses
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:3067615-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While open-source crypto start-ups have licenses that help protect them from competitor companies who may be using their code for profit, legacy businesses that own their code and can sue competitors who copy such code which provides a different incentive structure and makes ICO investments riskier.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-036
text: The Gnosis ICO shows how a reverse dutch auction can mitigate the inefficiencies and risks of a capped sale: the offering was capped at $12.5 million and the time needed to complete the sale determined the quantity of tokens distributed to investors, with the rest held by the start-up team.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: capped token sales exposed to first mover rush dynamics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:3067615-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To mitigate the inefficiencies and the risks of a capped sale, the Gnosis ICO was structured as a reverse dutch auction
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-037
text: ICO promoters should not allow tokens to be traded before the underlying protocol network or application is live, and should not use a landing page that focuses almost exclusively on the ICO while providing less content on the product, project, technology, and team.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: disclosure
topics: economics
scope conditions: emerging bad ICO practices identified in 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:3067615-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such practices include allowing tokens to be traded before underlying protocol network or application is live, using a landing page that focuses almost exclusively on the ICO with project timeline etc. but provides less content on product, project, technology, and team.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3067615-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3067615-038
text: ICO promoters should make significant and ongoing disclosures on vesting and lockup periods and should never manipulate the smart contract to change ICO sales rules mid-course during the offering.
claim type: design
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: ongoing ICO sales governed by smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:3067615-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, ICO promoters should include significant and ongoing disclosures on vesting and lockup periods, should never manipulate the smart contract to change ICO sales rules mid-course during the ICO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-001
text: Blockchain technology delivers anonymous and secure transactional guarantees through democratized trust and disintermediation, and its anti-discrimination features allow minorities and disenfranchised communities to benefit from the technology.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: public, permissionless blockchain networks
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3071378-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain technology provides anonymous and secure transactional guarantees through democratized trust and disintermediation. Minorities and disenfranchised communities can benefit from the evolving technology and its anti-discrimination features.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-004
text: Because network nodes verify and validate chain transactions before execution under a distributed consensus model, recording a fraudulent transaction on the blockchain is extremely rare.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: distributed consensus with node verification before execution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:3071378-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain's distributed consensus model, e.g., the network "nodes" verify and validate chain transactions before execution of the transactions, makes it extremely rare for a fraudulent transaction to be recorded in the blockchain.34
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-005
text: Because each new block's hash value is generated from all previous transactions, the smallest change to the blockchain produces a different hash value, which makes any form of manipulation immediately detectable.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: chained cryptographic hashing of prior transactions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:3071378-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: smallest change to the blockchain, even a single digit/value, results in a different hash value. A different hash value makes any form of manipulation immediately detectable.37
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-010
text: Although blockchain technology itself offers genuine data and privacy protection, storing blockchain data across a global network of nodes often will not comply with specific consumer protection rules, directives, and guidelines.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: compliance
scope conditions: global node distribution under jurisdiction-specific consumer protection regimes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 17

id: kaal:claim:3071378-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While blockchain technology itself offers unprecedented genuine data and privacy protection, the storage of blockchain data across a global network of nodes often will not comply with specific consumer protection rules, directives, and guidelines around the
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-012
text: The DAO failed because its code had not yet been perfected: hackers took a third of the DAO tokens and transferred them to another account, and that hack together with other technological limitations led to the demise of the DAO.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: The DAO, launched May 2016 on Ethereum
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3071378-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unfortunately, the code had not yet been perfected and hackers were able to take a third of the DAO tokens and transfer them into another account. This hack and other technological limitations, led to the demise of the DAO.58
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-030
text: By establishing a network of transacting parties that trust each other despite anonymity, blockchain technology enables unbiased transactions and eliminates prejudices against minorities.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
scope conditions: anonymous or pseudonymous transacting parties on a blockchain network
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3071378-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By establishing a network of transacting parties that trust each other despite anonymity, the technology enables unbiased transactions and eliminates prejudices against minorities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-033
text: People who work for a DAO are free from existing corporate hierarchies and their possible discriminatory effects because they are not subject to a supervisor, boss, or CEO.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: DAO structures with no directors, managers, or employees
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:3071378-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: People who work for a DAO are free from existing corporate hierarchies and their possible discriminatory effects. People who work for a DAO would not be subject to a supervisor, boss, or CEO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-037
text: Reputational penalties for non-performance in a DAO are entirely free from racial implications because token holders are unlikely to even know each other.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: reputation
scope conditions: pseudonymous token holder communities
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: narrowed
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3071378-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Crucially, non- performance reputational penalties are entirely free from racial implications as the token holders are unlikely to even know each other.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-038
text: Unlike traditional hierarchical organizations where face-time and unproductive meetings are the norm, the self-governing DAO token optimizer avoids corporate hierarchy inefficiencies and the bad outcomes that come from top-down direction.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: economics
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: self-governing DAO structures without supervisors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3071378-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike in traditional hierarchical organization where face-time and unproductive meetings are the norm, the self-governing DAO token optimizer avoids any such corporate hierarchy inefficiencies and frees herself from top-down inefficiencies and bad outcomes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3071378-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-040
text: Equality is a natural byproduct of the blockchain-driven evolution of the crypto economy, because the trust enhancing consensus model, smart contracting in anonymous networks, and DAOs together allow a more equal society to evolve.
claim type: predictive
topics: economics
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: continued evolution of the crypto economy
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3071378-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Equality is a natural byproduct of the blockchain-driven evolution of the crypto economy. Blockchain's trust enhancing consensus model, smart contracting in anonymous networks, and DAOs allow for the evolution of a more equal society.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-003
text: ICOs lower barriers to entry for a diverse body of investors and thereby increase the diversity and heterogeneity of start-up funding.
claim type: mechanism
topics: securities-law
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: innovation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:3117224-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: ICOs provide low barriers to entry for a diverse body of investors and thus increase the diversity and the heterogeneity of start-up funding.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-005
text: Unlike shareholders in traditional corporate structures who can vote for or nominate directors, ICO investors have no control whatsoever over promoters.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: tokenomics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3117224-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike shareholders in the traditional corporate infrastructure who are able vote for or against directors or to nominate directors, ICO investors have not control over the promoters whatsoever.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-007
text: The absence of mandatory disclosure requirements for ICOs leads many promoters to make irregular or no disclosures about the platform over time, producing a significant lack of transparency in the ICO market.
claim type: mechanism
topics: disclosure
topics: securities-law
topics: tokenomics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:3117224-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, the lack of mandatory disclosures for ICOs leads many promoters to make irregular or no disclosures about the platform as time passes, leading to a significant lack of transparency in the ICO market.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-013
text: The top 25 ICO jurisdictions in this study are identified from ICO WatchList data, which ranks countries by the number of ICOs launched and reports how much was raised through those ICO projects.
claim type: empirical
topics: research-methods
topics: securities-law
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: top 25 ICO countries
scope conditions: ICO WatchList as the underlying data source
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:3117224-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To determine the ICO's used for this project, the author used data generated by ICO WatchList.1 ICO WatchList ranks countries by the number of ICO's launched and provides information as to how much was raised through these ICO projects.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-018
text: Few governments have prohibited financial investors from investing in ICOs, a greater number have suggested not taking part, and many have issued warnings without any recommendation to citizens either way.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: top 25 ICO countries
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:3117224-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Finally, few governments have prohibited financial investors from investing, but a greater number of governments have suggested not to take part. Many countries have issued warnings, but have not made a suggestion to its citizens as to whether to take part or not.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-025
text: If a digital token security falls outside Monetary Authority of Singapore regulation, no duty of fair dealing applies to it.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Singapore
scope conditions: tokens outside MAS regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:3117224-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If the security falls outside the MAS- regulations, there will be no duty of fair dealing.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-031
text: Israel taxes cryptocurrency as property: profits are subject to capital gains tax at rates between twenty and twenty-five percent, and individuals mining or trading cryptocurrencies in connection with businesses must also pay a seventeen percent value-added tax.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Israel
scope conditions: February 2018 Tax Authority position
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:3117224-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: cryptocurrencies will be subject to capital gains tax at rates between twenty percent and twenty-five percent, while individuals mining or trading cryptocurrencies in connection with businesses must pay a seventeen percent value-added tax (VAT) in addition to capital gains tax.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-032
text: Poland's Ministry of Finance interpretation states that selling or exchanging cryptocurrency for traditional currency, or exchanging one cryptocurrency for another, could create a VAT tax obligation.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Poland
scope conditions: April 2018 tax interpretation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:3117224-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the sale and exchange of cryptocurrencies into traditional currency and vice versa, as well as the exchange of one cryptocurrency for another, could create a VAT tax obligation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-036
text: The National Bank of Serbia holds that financial institutions may not participate in ICOs or other cryptocurrency investments because cryptocurrencies are not legal tender.
claim type: condition
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Serbia
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:3117224-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Serbia has taken the position that financial institutional are not allowed to participate in ICO's or other cryptocurrency investments because they are not legal tender.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3117224-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3117224-039
text: World governments largely either apply existing laws to cryptocurrencies or wait to see how other countries react to the crypto evolution.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: top 25 ICO jurisdictions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:3117224-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For the most part, the general view of the world governments appears to be that they are using existing laws to regulate cryptocurrencies or wait to see how other countries react to the crypto evolution.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-002
text: Reputation value in any decentralized reputational system can be corrupted through three channels: direct purchase of reputation, automated worthless work, and degeneration of the system into a majority of inexpert opinions.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized reputation systems
scope conditions: anonymous participants
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3125822-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In any such decentralized reputational system there is always the potential to corrupt the value of reputation by purchasing it directly, or through automated worthless work, or through the degeneration of a majority of inexpert opinions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-003
text: The problems of corruption, Sybil attacks, and tyranny of the majority have plagued every previous autonomous decentralized reputation platform, so they are the design constraints any new architecture must meet.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: prior autonomous decentralized reputation platforms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3125822-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: These are the respective problems of corruption, Sybil attacks, and tyranny of the majority that have plagued all previous autonomous, decentralized reputation platforms.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-010
text: The chosen expert is deliberately not paid directly out of the fee but only indirectly in newly minted tokens, because the architecture secures itself by making reputation more valuable than any one time payment.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: applies to off-platform work engaged through the platform
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3125822-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: One counterintuitive element is that the chosen expert is not paid directly in fees, only indirectly in newly minted tokens. The platform was designed to ensure security, and encourage maximal productive cooperation, by valuing reputation over all else.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-012
text: The platform is Sybil attack resistant because all power is weighted by reputation rather than by account: an owner of a single account holding 1000 tokens has the same or more power than an owner of 1000 accounts holding one token each.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: assumes every power in the system is reputation weighted
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3125822-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The platform is Sybil attack resistant because all power in the platform is weighted by reputation. An owner of a single account with 1000 tokens has the same or more power than an owner of 1000 accounts with one token.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-014
text: Reddit's upvote system imposes insignificant punishment for voting randomly, and this lack of cost compromises the informational value of an upvote, which is the failure mode a staked validation pool is designed to avoid.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: applies to unstaked voting systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:3125822-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As a second example, Reddit's upvote system currently has insignificant punishment for voting randomly, which compromises the value of the meaning of an upvote
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-016
text: A 51 percent collusion that votes against common sense is visible in an open system, which erodes trust, reduces use and fees, and lowers the value of the attackers' own reputational salary, so the tactic can destroy an expertise tag but cannot enrich the attackers.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: requires an open and observable system
scope conditions: assumes attacker value is held in the attacked tag
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3125822-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This would erode trust in the platform, and therefore use and fees would diminish, making the 51% holding of reputational salary less valuable. Therefore this tactic generally has the potential to destroy the expertise tag, but not enrich the attackers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-018
text: Healthy expertise tags are secure not because attack is impossible but because it is easier to profit from them by improving them than by harming them.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: economics
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: applies to healthy expertise tags, defined as those generating fees
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3125822-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Healthy expertises are secure because it is easier to profit from them by improving them than by harming them.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-024
text: The platform becomes fully autonomous almost immediately after deployment, because once the Ethereum DApp is posted its authors have no more control over the evolution of the expertise tags than any other Ethereum user.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: after the DApp is deployed to the blockchain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3125822-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The platform achieves full autonomy almost immediately. Once the Ethereum DApp is posted to the blockchain, its authors have no more control over the evolution of the expertise tags in its forum than any other Ethereum user.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-037
text: Because absolute certainty is unavailable, the architecture substitutes a calculable probability of confidence built on verified reputation, which is enough for business to proceed even though no provably certain algorithm exists.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: defi
scope conditions: applies where an impossibility result rules out guaranteed fair exchange
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3125822-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the architecture provides a means for developing a platform which can give users confidence that business can proceed through a system of verified reputation. This gives a calculable probability of confidence, even if no provably certain algorithm exists.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125822-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125822-040
text: Faking a reputable expertise tag is nearly costless: a successful tag's open record can be copied and reposted under a new name for the price of the anti denial of service fees, and the capital used to mimic fees paid into the sham tag is mostly recovered by the sham owners through the salaries they control.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: sham owners hold the majority of the sham tag's tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3125822-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: easily be copied and reposted under a new tag name for the low cost of the anti-DoS fees. The capital used to mimic fees paid to the sham expertise tag is mostly recovered by the sham owners through the salaries they control.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-001
text: No single, fixed, entirely algorithmic policing solution can completely prevent independent nodes in a distributed system from gaming block production to advantage some parties over others. Any consensus protocol that relies on a permanently fixed rule set will therefore be gamed as conditions change.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: distributed systems with independent, self interested nodes
scope conditions: protocols that are fixed rather than continually revisable
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3125827-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In fact it is obvious there can be no single, fixed, entirely algorithmic policing solution which completely prevents independent nodes in a distributed system from gaming the system by producing blocks with transactions that advantage some parties over others1.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-004
text: Because all block creation fees are shared with the whole group as a reputation weighted salary, SPoS removes the direct monetary reward for forming mining pools or block production cartels, which the authors identify as a decentralization threat that raises the likelihood of 51% attacks.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: fees distributed as a reputation weighted salary rather than paid to the producer
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3125827-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Therefore, unlike every other implemented platform, there is no direct monetary reward incentive for creating mining pools or block production cartels, which are a threat to decentralization which increases the likelihood of 51% attacks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-005
text: Because the stakes in SPoS are reputation tokens that are far less fungible than cryptocurrency stakes, long term probity is incentivized and many short term arbitrage opportunities are eliminated. Fungibility of the staked asset is what makes short horizon attacks profitable in other proof of stake systems.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: stakes denominated in non fungible reputation tokens rather than currency
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3125827-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In particular, the stakes (sem tokens) are naturally far less fungible than cryptocurrency stakes, so long-term probity is incentivized, eliminating many short- term arbitrage opportunities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-006
text: Staking tokens with the potential for slashing is necessary to avoid the tragedy of the commons in a validation pool. Voting without something at risk does not produce honest evaluation of contributions.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
topics: reputation
scope conditions: community voting on the value of contributions
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attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3125827-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The staking of tokens, with its potential for slashing, is necessary to avoid the tragedy of the commons.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-009
type: Claim
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text: Even though proof of stake mitigates the economy of scale advantage, block production cartels can still arise in PoS systems through lotteries, through built in voting delegations, or because the stakes required to be a block producer can simply be bought.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: PoS systems that use lotteries, delegation, or purchasable stakes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3125827-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, block production cartels may still arise due to lotteries, or the fact that voting delegations are built into the system, or the fact that the stakes needed to be a block producer may be bought
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-011
text: If block producers' identities are revealed, the supranational independence and security of the blockchain are threatened, because local jurisdictions can then exert legal power over block production. This threat is most acute in delegated proof of stake, where delegates must win popularity contests.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: protocols where producers must identify themselves to be chosen
scope conditions: especially delegated proof of stake
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3125827-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: identities are revealed, the supranational independence of the blockchain is threatened as is its security. In this case local jurisdictions could exert legal power over block production
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-019
text: Any blockchain whose soft forks are decided through private communication between famous token holding whales is ultimately less secure than legacy centralized systems, which at least address centralized security risks deliberately.
claim type: failure
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: off chain governance conducted privately among large holders and developers
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3125827-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Any blockchain subject to such governance is ultimately less secure than legacy centralized systems which pointedly address centralized security risks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-024
text: A healthy expertise will have near unanimous consensus on every evidence of work validation pool, and that very unanimity creates an impediment to development, because honest members risk their stakes by voting for untested changes.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: well functioning expertise where all members run the same validated algorithms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3125827-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A healthy expertise will continually have near-unanimous consensus on every evidence-of-work validation pool. This creates an impediment to development.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-034
text: Finality in SPoS is measurable because forking away from a given block would cost the community all sem tokens created on the chain after it, and that quantity equals half of all fees sent since the block was produced.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: tokenomics
topics: reputation
scope conditions: sem minted in proportion to fees on every validated block
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3125827-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the sem that members gain from policing block production is equal to half of all fees sent since the production of the block. In order to fork a chain from that particular block, the community will lose all sem tokens created subsequently
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3125827-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-040
text: A malicious party using Sybil accounts cannot be prevented from cloning the structure of a successful proof of stake blockchain at far lower cost than cloning a proof of work chain, leaving a new user unable to distinguish the truly decentralized chain from a clone that has manufactured even more tokens. The authors answer that this is resolved off chain, by a trusted user interface, as with cloned web pages.
claim type: failure
topics: blockchain
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: new users joining without prior knowledge of the genuine chain
scope conditions: PoS chains where clone creation costs only new public keys
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 63

id: kaal:claim:3125827-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Then, when a new user joins the network, how will they be able to distinguish a truly decentralized blockchain from a cloned blockchain that has manufactured an even larger number of tokens?
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-015
text: Semada is stipulated as an autonomous, decentralized, open source protocol on the Ethereum blockchain that enables domain specific reputation verification for human task crowdsourcing.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 60

id: kaal:claim:3128900-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Semada is an autonomous, decentralized, open-source protocol29 that enables domain specific reputation verification for human task crowdsourcing, built on the ETHEREUM blockchain.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-016
text: The protocol lowers cost because it removes the manual verification step and the associated multiplication of micro task work that centralized systems require, letting decentralized workers capture the gains from disintermediation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: reputation
scope conditions: micro task crowdsourcing under the Semada Protocol
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:3128900-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the Semada Protocol removes the manual verification and the associated multiplication of micro task work necessitated by centralized systems, enabling its decentralized micro task workers to profit from the disintermediation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-017
text: Reputation tokens supply a staking mechanism that incentivizes high quality work and task completion by workers, and that simultaneously lets requesters verify and track worker quality, integrity, and quantity.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: participants staking reputation tokens on the platform
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 87

id: kaal:claim:3128900-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Through the reputation tokens, the Semada Protocol provides a micro task worker reputation staking mechanism that incentivizes high quality work and task completion by workers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-018
text: Unlike its decentralized competitors, the Semada Protocol is claimed to be resistant to both Sybil attacks and Tyranny of the Majority attacks.
claim type: design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: comparison with existing decentralized mechanical turk protocols
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 65

id: kaal:claim:3128900-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, unlike its decentralized competitors, the Semada Protocol ensures Sybil Attack and Tyranny of the Majority attack resistance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-019
text: The protocol architecture together with its incentive structure is what produces enhanced 51 percent attack resistance, which the author claims exceeds prior reputation verification attempts in both decentralized and centralized networks.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: reputation verification networks
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 77

id: kaal:claim:3128900-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The Semada Protocol architecture and its incentive structure facilitates enhanced 51% attack resistance unlike any previous reputation verification attempts in decentralized and centralized networks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-023
text: Rather than repeating the same task across many workers to reach quality, the architecture verifies quality directly by examining and validating individual worker task performance through reputation verification.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: micro tasks routed through the reputation verification architecture
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 70

id: kaal:claim:3128900-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Instead of repeating work on given tasks to attain high quality work products for micro tasks, Semada uses an architecture of reputation verification that examines micro worker task performance and verifies the validity and quality of the work.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-024
text: Staking creates disincentives for malicious actors, and it is this disincentive structure that makes the network both more efficient and attack resistant.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: workers and verifiers who have reputation tokens at stake
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 74

id: kaal:claim:3128900-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Semada staking mechanism creates disincentives for malicious actors, enhancing the efficiency of the Semada Network and making it attack resistant.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-037
text: Attack resistance should be designed to increase as the platform grows, in contrast to designs like GEMS that detect and ban malicious actors, because a self enforcement mechanism lets the incentive system steer users away from bad actors once the system matures.
claim type: design
topics: compliance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: after the system reaches maturity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 74

id: kaal:claim:3128900-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike GEMS, which bans malicious actors detected through the GEMS trust mechanism from the platform, the Semada platform has a self-enforcement mechanism.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-045
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-045
text: Centralized platforms cannot simply drop identity verification, because they need it to keep malicious actors from abusing the network and to ensure work quality; this is the tradeoff a staking based design is meant to dissolve.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: centralized micro task platforms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:3128900-045:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, centralized micro task platforms need to verify identity to prevent malicious actors from abusing the network and ensure work quality.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3128900-046
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3128900-046
text: Because the reputation token staking mechanism supplies attack resistance directly, users need not verify their identity to complete micro tasks, which circumvents the costs, delays, and privacy surrender attached to centralized identity verification and thereby enlarges the willing labor pool.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
scope conditions: workers staking reputation tokens rather than proving identity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 75

id: kaal:claim:3128900-046:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By contrast, on the Semada Platform, users do not need to verify their identity to complete micro tasks. The Semada Protocol architecture, and specifically its reputation token staking mechanism, make the Semada Platform attack resistant.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-003
text: Centralized, hierarchical organizations fail on two fronts in a fast changing environment: they adapt too slowly to changing reality and they are losing public trust.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: fast-changing reality
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3227933-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Most obviously, such organizations are slow to adapt to a fast-changing reality and are losing public trust.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-013
text: Peer-to-peer transactions are possible because a distributed consensus model has network nodes verify, validate and audit transactions before and after execution, and this is often safer than routing transactions through a single trusted third-party intermediary.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3227933-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: "Peer-to-peer" transactions are possible because the technology uses a "distributed consensus model" where the network "nodes" verify, validate and audit transactions before and after they are executed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-016
text: Blockchain technology creates an independent and transparent platform for establishing truth and building trust, replacing intermediaries, bureaucracy and old procedures with what the authors call the four Cs of code, connectivity, crowd, and collaboration.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: blockchain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3227933-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In short, blockchain technology creates an independent and transparent platform for establishing truth and building trust. Intermediaries, bureaucracy, and old-fashioned procedures are replaced by the "4 Cs" of code, connectivity, crowd, and collaboration.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-027
text: Centralized organizations also lose the competition for talent, because the younger generation views centralization as a threat to personal autonomy, choice and happiness and is increasingly sceptical of traditional hierarchies.
claim type: empirical
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: younger, Millennial workforce
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3227933-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The younger "Millennial" generation view centralization as a threat to personal autonomy, choice, and happiness.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-029
text: The design premise of the DAO was that because people do not always follow rules even when the rules are well designed, it is better to use computer code to manage an organization.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: organizations aiming to automate governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3227933-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The DAO intended to automate governance and was based on the idea that since "people" don't always follow the rules (even if the rules are well-designed), it is better to use computer code to manage an organization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-030
text: The DAO showed that a corporate-type organization can operate with no physical address, no directors, no managers and no employees, with its governance structure built entirely from software, code and smart contracts running on Ethereum.
claim type: empirical
topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: the DAO, 2016
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3227933-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Indeed, the DAO didn't have any directors, managers or employees. The governance structure was built with software, code and smart contracts that ran on the public decentralized blockchain platform, Ethereum.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-032
text: In a DAO, blockchain-based smart contracts granting token holders voting rights perform the function that articles of association or bylaws perform in a conventional corporation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3227933-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A series of smart contracts granted the holders of the tokens voting rights. In this respect, the blockchain-based smart contract mimicked the role of articles of association or bylaws.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-033
text: A DAO inhibits rent-seeking and delivers transparency because its governance protocols are open source, so weaknesses are constantly tested and revised in the open rather than hidden inside a managerial hierarchy.
claim type: mechanism
topics: disclosure
topics: dao
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: open source governance protocols
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3227933-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such an organization inhibits "rent-seeking" and offers transparency. And they are secure. For instance, the governance protocols used in a DAO are open source and weaknesses are constantly tested and revised.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227933-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-035
text: Fundamental flaws in the DAO's code allowed hackers to transfer one third of the total contributed funds to a subsidiary account, and this together with other technological limitations ended the initiative, but the authors argue it did not end the underlying vision of decentralized autonomous organization.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: the DAO, 2016
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3227933-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To be sure, fundamental flaws in the DAO code made it possible for hackers to transfer one-third of the total contributed funds to a subsidiary account. This, and other technological limitations meant the end of the initiative
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id: kaal:claim:3227933-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227933-038
text: Issuing coins or tokens across all ecosystem participants creates a level playing field and helps establish a flatter, community-owned platform that is not based on the traditional hierarchies between shareholders, executives, managers and staff.
claim type: design
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topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: well-designed token distribution across ecosystem participants
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verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3227933-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As such, the issuance of coins or tokens creates a "level playing field." Crucially, this helps establish a flatter, "community-owned" platform, which isn't based on traditional hierarchies between the platform participants
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-010
text: The result of this pattern is reputational: lawyers have developed a reputation as the least trusted of professions.
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topics: education-and-practice
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: evidenced
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id: kaal:claim:3227967-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As a result, lawyers have developed a reputation as the least trusted of professions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-018
text: Because blockchain network nodes verify, validate and audit transactions both before and after execution, the model is safer than a traditional one in which transactions can only be accomplished through third party intermediaries such as a bank, judiciary or notary.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
topics: reputation
scope conditions: peer to peer networks using a distributed consensus model
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:3227967-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: verify, validate and audit transactions before and after they are executed. 49 This is safer than a traditional model in which transactions can only be accomplished through third-party intermediaries, such as a bank, judiciary or notary.
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id: kaal:claim:3227967-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-023
text: A decentralized autonomous organization is merely computer code with no directors, managers or employees, its governance structure built with software, code and smart contracts running on a public decentralized blockchain platform.
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topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
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attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3227967-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DAOs are "merely" computer code. They don't have any directors, managers or employees. The governance structure is built with and on software, code and smart contracts that ran on a public decentralized blockchain platform (in most cases Ethereum).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-027
text: In a digital world trust can be embedded directly in software code, and recent interest in smart contracts suggests this will be a significant growth area in the near future.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
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scope conditions: digital transactions where code can carry contractual terms
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:3227967-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In a digital world, trust can be embedded in software code. Recent interest in smart contracts suggests that this is going to be a significant growth area in the near-future.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-028
text: As machine to machine interaction becomes normal in an Internet of Things environment, trust ceases to be primarily a legal question and becomes a technical and design problem.
claim type: mechanism
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scope conditions: machine to machine transactions in an Internet of Things environment
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3227967-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: code is also crucial in machine-to-machine (M2M) based transactions. As M2M interaction becomes normal in an Internet of Things environment, the issue of trust becomes a technical and design problem.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-030
text: Building lawyers' capacity to think about the social and ethical implications of code is both essential and inevitable, but saying anything sensible about the ethics of technology first requires understanding coding and coders.
claim type: condition
topics: education-and-practice
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: ethical questions raised by automation, artificial intelligence and driverless vehicles
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3227967-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Building the capacity of the lawyers of the future to think about the social and ethical implications of code is both essential and inevitable. But, to say something sensible about the ethical aspects of technology, it is necessary to understand both more about coding and coders.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-032
text: Existing blockchains and DAOs still lack genuine decentralization, and there are currently no true DAOs: Bitcoin's proof of work protocol has produced mining pools because of economies of scale and unbalanced reward structures.
claim type: failure
topics: blockchain
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: proof of work blockchains as of 2018
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3227967-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In our discussion, the following weaknesses were highlighted. There is still a lack of decentralization (there are currently no "true" DAOs). For instance, Bitcoin's proof of work protocol has led to "mining pools" because of economies of scale and unbalanced reward structures.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-035
text: A reputation verification platform matters because trust created through an eternal reputational record would be open to review and driven by proper incentives.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: blockchain
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: blockchain based reputation systems that reward trustful parties and punish bad actors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3227967-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This was considered to be important because if the trust were to be created through an eternal reputational record, it would be open to review and driven by proper incentives.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-036
text: The real design challenge for consensus protocols is to find a proof of stake protocol that offers both trust and security without unintentionally creating just another centralized validation system.
claim type: design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: blockchain consensus protocol design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3227967-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The students understood that the real challenge is to find a "proof of stake" protocol that offers both trust and security (without unintentionally creating just another centralized validation system).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3227967-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3227967-038
text: Coders and developers do not always understand the industry or business environment they target with their software solutions, nor do they always consider the trust or ethical issues raised by the technology based business solutions they implement.
claim type: failure
topics: education-and-practice
topics: reputation
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: technology based business solutions built by developers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3227967-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Coders, programmers, and other developers do not always understand the industry or business environment they target with their software solutions. Nor do they always consider the trust or ethical issues when implementing technology-based business solutions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-003
text: Crypto-economics is arguably a misnomer, since it is really just economics; what may legitimate the label is the unprecedented combination of disciplines required to analyze incentive designs in decentralized systems.
claim type: definitional
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:3249860-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Crypto-Economics really is just economics and, in fact, may be a misnomer.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-005
text: DAOs can replace the coordination and monitoring functions supplied by the firm, because they can measure each member's contribution to the finished work product more efficiently and allocate rewards accordingly.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: compliance
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: supported by trust enhancing technologies such as reputation verification in decentralized anonymous systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 41

id: kaal:claim:3249860-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Arguably, DAOs can replace the otherwise needed functions that are supplied by the firm that acts as the coordinator and monitor of a team because DAOs can more efficiently measure the contribution of each DAO member to the finished work product and allocate respective rewards accordingly.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-006
text: In decentralized systems the functions previously performed by policy designers, central bankers, and economists in centralized markets are taken over by the token designer for the respective token economy.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: systemic-risk
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:3249860-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Whereas policy designers, central bankers, and economists previously coordinated market design and economic regulations in centralized systems, these functions are taken over by the token designer for the respective token economy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-017
text: Many token whitepapers omit information necessary for a full economic analysis, and the research team could not find a single project among the top 100 that had examined blockchain governance fully.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: disclosure
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: whitepapers of the top 100 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization as of April 2018
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3249860-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Many whitepapers do not include all the information that would generally be necessary for a full economic analysis. For instance, the researchers could not find a project that had examined blockchain governance fully.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-038
text: Proof of Work remains the most popular consensus protocol type among the top 100 tokens, and the Other category alone comprises thirty-four tokens.
claim type: empirical
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: N=100 dataset; consensus time series n=97
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3249860-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Figure 9a shows that the "Other" consensus protocol type, made up of thirty-four tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-039
text: Attempts to increase throughput and scale in consensus protocols concentrate on proof of stake, and the data are consistent with anecdotal evidence that proof of stake may be the most dominant attempt at scaling.
claim type: empirical
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: top 100 tokens by market capitalization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3249860-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Attempts to increase throughput and scale for consensus protocols often focus on proof of stake attempts. The data is consistent with anecdotal evidence that suggests that proof of stake may be the most dominant attempt at scaling.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-040
text: To date no blockchain coherently and comprehensively combines scale, security, and decentralization, the three objectives of the blockchain trilemma, although continued experimentation with consensus algorithms can help overcome it over time.
claim type: failure
topics: blockchain
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: as of the study's 2018 data
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3249860-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To date, no blockchain truly combines these three objectives coherently and comprehensively. Experimentation with different consensus algorithms can, over time, help overcome the blockchain trilemma.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-041
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-041
text: Tokens experimenting with alternative consensus protocols typically change the transfer process in an effort to become more efficient.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: economics
scope conditions: outlier consensus protocols among the top 100 tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3249860-041:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Tokens experimenting with alternative consensus protocols often change the transfer process in an effort to become more efficient.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-042
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-042
text: Tokens launched before 2015 were overwhelmingly developed on a hardfork governance mechanism or a combination of hardfork and one other governance type.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: top 100 tokens, governance types coded as hard fork, soft fork with tokenholder voting, masternodes, or other
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3249860-042:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Tokens launched prior to 2015 were overwhelmingly developed on a hardfork or a combination of hardfork and one of the other governance types depicted.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3249860-043
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3249860-043
text: Outlier governance mechanisms rose sharply in the dataset: three per year in 2015 and 2016, then eighteen in 2017, and five in the first six months of 2018.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: governance types coded as other
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3249860-043:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: During 2015 and 2016, three outlier tokens were launched per year. These tokens were Tether, Factom, and Iota; DigixDAO, Gas, and Ark. During 2017, this figure jumped to eighteen tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-005
text: Today's internet is designed for hierarchical societal structures on an underlying authoritative trust model, and that traditional hierarchical trust model carries many inefficiencies including serious cyber security vulnerabilities.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:3266953-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Worse yet, today's internet is designed for hierarchical societal structures and with an underlying authoritative trust model. Many inefficiencies are associated with the traditional hierarchical trust model including serious cyber security vulnerabilities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-008
text: Every centralized reputation score can be sybil attacked, because fake internet accounts or fictitious ratings disrupt true reputation scoring.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
topics: reputation
scope conditions: centralized reputation scoring systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:3266953-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: All centralized reputation scores can be sybil attacked, e.g. fake internet accounts (sockpuppets) or fictitious ratings disrupt true reputation scoring
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-009
text: Users on internet based platforms earn their reputation but do not own it, so if a platform deletes an account, years of reputation data disappear and users have near zero ability to reclaim it.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: centralized platforms such as Facebook
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:3266953-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Users earned their reputation but do NOT own reputation - e.g. if Facebook and other internet-based platform businesses accidentally deleted user account, years of data would be removed and users have near zero ability to reclaim the data
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-017
text: Meaningful and secure reputation tokens supply the incentives needed for secure proof of stake consensus in block production, which eliminates the unsustainable inefficiencies of proof of work based blockchains.
claim type: design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: economics
scope conditions: tokens that represent reputation per type of expertise
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:3266953-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: giving the proper incentives for guaranteeing secure proof-of- stake consensus protocols for block production. This eliminates the unsustainable inefficiencies of proof-of-work based blockchains.
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id: kaal:claim:3266953-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-018
text: Semada replaces fungible currency staking with reputation staking for block propagation, a consensus algorithm the authors call Semada Proof of Reputation.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: Semada platform block propagation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:3266953-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Block propagation in the Semada platform is facilitated by staking reputation, not a fungible currency as in PoS. Accordingly, the consensus algorithm is called Semada Proof of Reputation (PoR).
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id: kaal:claim:3266953-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-021
text: Because Semada's Anchor Protocol uses reputation scores as a non fungible currency to qualify for block propagation, the resulting proof of reputation consensus is attack resistant, fully decentralized, scalable, and open to evolutionary protocol upgrades.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: reputation scores that cannot be transferred
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:3266953-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike traditional PoS, PoR, e.g. Semada's Anchor Protocol, uses reputation scores as a non-fungible currency to qualify for block propagation. As such, the Anchor protocol (PoR) is attack resistant, fully decentralized, scalable and allows evolutionary protocol upgrades.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-028
text: A Web of Trust reputation system can be gamed with sockpuppet accounts, because an attacker can behave well for a while and then transact with himself repeatedly and rate himself high to raise his reputation arbitrarily.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: reputation systems based on counting positive peer rated transactions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:3266953-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If I use a lot of sockpuppet accounts, I can raise my reputation arbitrarily high, by behaving well for a while, then making a lot of transactions with myself and rating myself high.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-030
text: The other horn of the identity verification dilemma is that when reputation is not valuable, honest users will not bother to go through the hoops required to identify themselves securely.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
scope conditions: low value reputation systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:3266953-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If the reputation is not valuable, then you won't be able to get honest users to go through the hoops required to identify themselves securely, since it
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-032
text: In an economic network where real money is at stake, historical good behavior cannot be assumed to prove future good behavior, because sockpuppet accounts allow participants to game the system automatedly, create valuable reputation falsely, and leach value out of the system.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: economics
scope conditions: networks where trust must support real monetary value
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:3266953-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: you can't just assume their historical good behavior will prove their future behavior will also be good. Sockpuppet accounts allow us to automatedly game the system and falsely create valuable reputation, so we can leach whatever value there is out of the system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3266953-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-034
text: Semada's voting algorithm is designed so that gaming the system is not economically feasible without contributing genuinely valuable improvements, because value is proven through the fees added to the system and every fee is subject to a fair validation pool.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: fees attached to each contribution
scope conditions: validation pool review of every fee
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 59

id: kaal:claim:3266953-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The voting algorithm of Semada core is designed to combat that very system, so that it is not economically feasible to game the system without adding genuinely valuable improvements, as proven with the fees that are added to the system and the fair validation pool that every fee is subject to.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-007
text: Agency problems originate from the lack of trust between principals and agents, which itself stems from information asymmetries and agents' opportunistic self-interested behavior.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: disclosure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3373393-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Agency problems originate from the lacking trust between principals and agents.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-018
text: Blockchain provides an alternative governance mechanism that eliminates agency costs, meaning the principal's cost of supervising agents, by creating trust in the contractual relationship between principal and agent.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: corporate-governance
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3373393-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain technology provides an alternative governance mechanism that eliminates agency costs - the principal's cost of supervising agents - by creating trust in the contractual relationship between the principal and the agent.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-019
text: The immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security systems provide transactional guarantees that create trust between principals and agents in the integrity of their contractual relationship, and ensure that no participant can circumvent the rules embedded in blockchain code.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:3373393-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security systems provide transactional guarantees and create trust between principals and agents in the integrity of their contractual relationship.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-024
text: Cryptographic hashes increase blockchain security and remove the trust barriers in agency relationships that otherwise require monitoring of agents and generate agency costs.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: blockchain
topics: reputation
topics: compliance
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:3373393-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Cryptographic hashes used in blockchain technology further increase blockchain security and removes trust barriers in agency relationships that require monitoring of agents and create agency costs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-028
text: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations have begun to challenge the core belief that governance necessitates agency, because blockchain enables the removal of agents as intermediaries through code, peer-to-peer connectivity, crowds, and collaboration.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3373393-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have started to challenge the core believe that governance necessitates agency.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-031
text: The unifying interest of DAO token holders in raising token value means they will voluntarily perform optimization tasks, because doing so is directly in their own interest.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: DAO structures where members hold tokens whose value tracks the organization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3373393-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the DAO token holders will desire to perform such optimization tasks as it is in their very interest to do so to help increase the value of the DAO tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-033
text: Non-performance reputational penalties in a DAO are entirely free from racial or cultural biases, because the token holders imposing them are unlikely to even know each other.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: reputation
scope conditions: DAOs where token holders are pseudonymous and mutually unknown
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:3373393-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Crucially, non-performance reputational penalties are entirely free from racial or cultural biases and associated implications as the token holders are unlikely to even know each other.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-036
text: The core issues that afflict centralized governance solutions, including information asymmetries, censorship, opportunism of agents, breaches of fiduciary duties, and fraud, can only be truly removed if and when a truly decentralized public blockchain emerges that is scalable and fully secure.
claim type: condition
topics: decentralization
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: decentralized rather than centralized blockchain implementations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3373393-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: and fraud or third-party interference, can only be truly removed to fully reform the agency relationship if and when a truly decentralized public blockchain emerges that is scalable and fully secure.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-038
text: Without a decentralized human backstop to code, the immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security systems may not be able to create truly transactional guarantees and trust between principals and agents.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: complex agency relationships
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3373393-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Similarly, without a decentralized human backstop to code, the immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security systems may not be able to create truly transactional guarantees and trust between principals and agents in the integrity of their contractual relationship.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3373393-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3373393-039
text: Blockchain-based corporate governance solutions in DAOs require evolutionary blockchain governance protocols, and socially optimal hard-forking rules cannot suffice.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: DAO-based governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3373393-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain-based corporate governance solutions in DAOs require evolutionary blockchain governance protocols. Socially optimal hard- forking rules cannot suffice.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-007
text: JPM Coin's closed structure, restricting the token to existing J.P. Morgan clients, is an anachronism, because closed ecosystems are unsustainable in emerging decentralized commerce.
claim type: failure
topics: tokenomics
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: applies to permissioned stable cryptocurrencies limited to a single institution's clients
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:3396522-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The close structure of the JPM coin, e.g. JPM makes it only available to existing clients, appears to be an anachronism.95 Closed ecosystems are unsustainable in the emerging decentralized commerce.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-009
text: A fiat backed stable cryptocurrency that is not fully collateralized is exposed to arbitrage trade attacks of the kind George Soros used against the pound sterling; full collateralization is therefore a necessary defense.
claim type: condition
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: applies to stable cryptocurrencies claiming a fiat peg
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3396522-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without a 100% fiat collateralization, such projects would run the risk of arbitrage trade attacks similar to what Financier George Soros used to "break the bank of England
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-010
text: Fiat currency collateralization is expensive and inefficient because the entire backing value must be held liquid; anything less opens arbitrage opportunities of the Soros type.
claim type: mechanism
topics: defi
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: assumes the backing must remain fully liquid to prevent arbitrage
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3396522-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Fiat currency collateralization is expensive and inefficient because all of the value that is backing the cryptocurrency needs to be liquid, otherwise arbitrage opportunities, such as the Soros attack, are possible.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-015
text: A well established stable cryptocurrency and a universal exchange form a positive feedback loop: the exchange's liquidity is enhanced by the stable cryptocurrency, and the stable currency's stability and adoption are enhanced by the exchange.
claim type: mechanism
topics: defi
topics: institutional-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: economics
scope conditions: requires a universal exchange bridging traditional and crypto assets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:3396522-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In essence, the combination of a well- established stable cryptocurrency with a universal exchange create a positive feedback loop. The exchange liquidity is enhanced by the stable cryptocurrency and the stability and adoption of the stable currency is enhanced through the exchange.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-025
text: Because hardcoded cryptocurrency policy is transparent and therefore predictable, market participants can anticipate policy and adjust behavior in advance, and such anticipatory reactions could over time make actual policy making the exception rather than the rule.
claim type: predictive
topics: disclosure
topics: tokenomics
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: assumes policy rules remain largely hardcoded and transparent
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:3396522-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because of this transparency and associated predictability, market participants can anticipate policy making and adjust behavior accordingly. In fact, such anticipatory policy reactions could, over time, make actual policy-making the exception rather than the rule.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-026
text: Full hardcoding is impossible: no stable cryptocurrency can encode all required policies and policy actions with full transparency, because future policy needs cannot be anticipated ex ante.
claim type: failure
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3396522-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: No stable cryptocurrency can hardcode all required policies and policy making actions with full transparency as future policy cannot be fully anticipated ex ante, before the needs occur.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-027
text: Monetary policy for stable cryptocurrencies should combine hardcoded transparent rules with protocols enabling decentralized autonomous organizations, with decentralized but fully transparent policy DAOs functioning as the policy makers for what cannot be hardcoded.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: depends on DAO governance designs that address expertise and incentive problems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:3396522-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: monetary policy for cryptocurrencies can additionally be supported by protocols enabling decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs).152 Decentralized but fully transparent policy DAOs can help function as policy makers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-029
text: The interoperability deficit in cryptocurrency markets is partly intrinsic to blockchain technology itself, because the consensus mechanism that allows block propagation on one chain in some ways negates interoperability with other chains and their consensus.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3396522-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The lack of interoperability can in part be traced back to blockchain technology itself. The consensus created to allow block propagation in some ways negates interoperability with other chains and their consensus.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-036
text: Mass adoption fails at the user level: the average user will not identify, research, and purchase diverse sets of tokens even where those tokens would create value, because the existing cryptocurrency market structure is simply too cumbersome.
claim type: failure
topics: tokenomics
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:3396522-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The average user is unwilling to identify, research, and purchase diverse sets of tokens, even if their application and use cases would create value. The existing market structure for cryptocurrencies is simply too cumbersome for the average user.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396522-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396522-039
text: Near instant settlement with stable cryptocurrencies removes counterparty risk, and the resulting reduction in counterparty risk boosts consumer confidence and increases transactional certainty relative to systems like Visa that take five to seven business days to pay merchants.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: tokenomics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3396522-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such speed in settlement takes away the counterparty risk and with less counterparty risk, speed of settlement with cryptocurrencies boosts consumer confidence and increases certainty for transactions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-004
text: The reputation tokens of the underwriting DAO are separate and distinct from the cash currency that insureds use to pay premia; the two must not be conflated.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3396542-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It is important to note that the reputation tokens are separate and distinct from the cash currency that the insured use to pay their premia.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-005
text: Tokens in the proposed DAO function as reputation because an agent's proportional token holdings will grow over time only if that agent follows sound and successful underwriting practices.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
topics: defi
scope conditions: tokens are minted as rewards for staking on underwritten policies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3396542-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We will refer to these tokens on occasion as reputation tokens as an agent's proportional holdings of these tokens is likely to increase over time only if the agent were to follow sound and successful underwriting practices.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-006
text: Participation in underwriting is gated by token ownership: only token holders may underwrite insurance policies in the DAO, and inbuilt processes assign new business among them.
claim type: condition
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3396542-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, only token holders are allowed to participate in underwriting insurance policies. Inbuilt processes are used to assign new business to token holders.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-007
text: Insurance premia are treated as revenue of the entire DAO rather than of the underwriters who wrote the policy, and are shared among DAO participants; consequently the value of a token is a function of the DAO's expected future cash flows.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: economics
topics: dao
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3396542-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Instead, the premia are treated as the revenue of the entire DAO and shared among the DAO participants. Thus, the value of the tokens is a function of the expected future cash flows of the DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-008
text: Because newly minted reward tokens go only to agents who stake tokens on policies, passive holders are diluted over time, which pushes agents toward active underwriting while still permitting passive investment.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
scope conditions: reward tokens minted per policy underwritten
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3396542-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Thus, the total number of tokens grows over time. This implies that "passive" agents who hold the tokens purely to receive a share of future premia will find their proportional ownership in the DAO decrease over time.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-016
text: Unlike prior token research, the purpose of issuing tokens here is not only to raise capital but also to give owners the opportunity and incentive to develop the DAO's business.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3396542-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Another key difference is that in our study, the purpose of issuing tokens is not only to raise capital but also to provide the owners the opportunity and incentive to develop the business of the DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-033
text: The design's innovative features stem from tokens serving several purposes at once: as reward for risk taking and as a substitute for both reputation and capital.
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topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3396542-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In sum, many of the innovative features of this design stem from the fact that the tokens serve multiple purposes: as reward for risk- taking, and a substitute for reputation and capital.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-034
text: Trust requirements in the DAO are minimized by appropriately designed economic incentives rather than by intermediary reputation or regulation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
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topics: dao
topics: decentralization
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confidence: asserted
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id: kaal:claim:3396542-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The need to trust is minimized by appropriately designed economic incentives.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-035
text: The governance rules of the DAO can be set up so as to ensure that minority token holders are appropriately protected.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:3396542-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The governance rules of the DAO can be set up so as to ensure that minority token holders are appropriately protected.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3396542-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3396542-036
text: Assuming all agents are active underwriters, the DAO's rules can be designed so that the proportion of policies an agent writes in the long run is commensurate with that agent's proportion of token holdings.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: all agents are active underwriters
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3396542-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In general, assuming all agents are active underwriters, the rules can be designed to ensure that the proportion of policies written by an agent in the long run is commensurate with the proportion of the agent's token holdings.
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id: kaal:claim:3402701-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-007
text: Good governance principles are crucial to every aspect of a long-term stable currency because markets inevitably change and because the Folk Theorems of game theory pose a fundamental obstacle to any fixed protocol.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: long-term stable currency designs
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3402701-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Most importantly, good governance principles are crucial for every aspect of instituting any long-term stable currency due to inevitable changes in the market and the fundamental obstacle represented by the Folk Theorems of game theory
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-011
text: The Folk Theorems of game theory imply that no matter how complicated a stable coin protocol becomes, a powerful and patient player has strategies to subvert the system and profit at the expense of the group.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: any fixed protocol, however complex
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3402701-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: No matter how complicated the protocols become for creating a stable coin, there are strategies that a powerful and patient player can use to subvert the system to profit at the expense of the group
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-020
text: The reserve argument depends on two requirements, and failing either one grounds a criticism of an existing protocol: the stable-value requirement criticizes MakerDAO and the maintenance-cost requirement criticizes the Reserve protocol.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: reserve held in a volatile asset
scope conditions: reserve maintenance cost exceeds arbitrage profit
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3402701-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The first requirement leads to a criticism of the MakerDAO protocol (e.g.), the second requirement leads to a criticism of the Reserve protocol (e.g
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-024
text: Misestimating the hot money ratio fails in both directions: overestimation makes the currency more costly to use, and underestimation leaves it insecure, so efficiency and security are in direct tension.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: economics
topics: tokenomics
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3402701-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A currency that overestimates this hot money ratio will cost more to use. A currency that underestimates the ratio will be insecure
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id: kaal:claim:3402701-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-032
text: The day-to-day stability mechanism can be fully automated by algorithm, but monetary and fiscal policy choices cannot be: the algorithm's parameters must be chosen by hand and adjusted regularly to balance security against efficiency.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: stability mechanisms operating in changing markets
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3402701-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, monetary and fiscal policy choices cannot be fully automated. The parameters for the algorithm must be chosen by hand and adjusted regularly to balance security with maximal efficiency in response to network performance
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-033
text: Parameter and policy choices for a stable cryptocurrency should be made by a decentralized autonomous organization, the Stability DAO or SDAO, which functions as a transparent, decentralized, open analog of the US Federal Reserve.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: dao
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: tokenomics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3402701-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such choices need to be made by a decentralized autonomous organization, which we call the Stability DAO or SDAO
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-035
text: Transparency is not an unqualified good for monetary policy: a currency only partially backed by reserves can be arbitraged by a Soros-style shorting strategy much more easily when the quantity of reserves is public.
claim type: failure
topics: disclosure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: partial reserve backing
scope conditions: reserve quantities publicly known
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3402701-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For instance, a currency partially backed by reserves can be successfully arbitraged by Soros' shorting strategy much easier if the quantity of reserves is known
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-036
text: The Folk Theorems of game theory prove that no protocol, however complex or well engineered, can eliminate corruption, understood as behavior that profits a minority at the greater expense of the majority.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3402701-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Finally, we repeat the idea that the Folk Theorems of game theory prove that it is impossible to create protocols, no matter how complex or well- engineered, which can eliminate corruption
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-039
text: Commonly held expressions of organizational values are essential to designing and implementing any governance structure and are far more important in decentralized organizations, which inherently have less motivational structure than centralized hierarchies.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: decentralized organizations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3402701-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: such values are far more important in decentralized organizations, which inherently have less motivational structure than centralized hierarchies
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3402701-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3402701-040
text: The authors recommend an SDAO governance design coordinated through reputation-weighted democratic governance, whose core objective is to create incentives that lead independent and selfish actors to collaborate productively toward a common goal.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:3402701-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In that paper we recommend an SDAO design coordinated through reputation-weighted democratic governance
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-014
text: Trust barometers such as the Edelman report show a radical depreciation of trust in centralized institutions between 2017 and 2018.
claim type: empirical
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: measured between 2017 and 2018
scope conditions: trust in centralized institutions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 59

id: kaal:claim:3405401-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Trust barometers, such as the Edelman report, assessing the level of trust in centralized institutions suggests radical depreciation in trust between the years 2017 and 2018.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-015
text: Although smart contracting in decentralized systems is perceived as creating trust through preordained coded coordination without agency problems, decentralized commerce is equally afflicted with trust issues.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: smart-contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 63

id: kaal:claim:3405401-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While smart contracting in decentralized system can be perceived as creating trust through mathematical and coded — preordained coordination without agency problems, several factors suggest that decentralized commerce via decentralized solutions is equally afflicted with trust issues.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-016
text: Trust between counterparties in decentralized systems can only limitedly be assured by smart contracts, because the contract cannot verify the underlying qualities or future conduct of the parties.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: smart-contracts
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized systems with anonymous counterparties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:3405401-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Trust between counterparties in decentralized systems can only limitedly be assured by smart contracts.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-017
text: Smart contracts leave counterparty information asymmetries unresolved: the tenant of a smart property cannot fully know whether the landlord is providing a worthy property, and the landlord cannot know in advance how likely the tenant is to destroy the premises.
claim type: failure
topics: disclosure
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: smart property rental scenario
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3405401-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In our example above, the tenant of the smart property cannot fully know if the landlord is providing a worthy property. In turn, the landlord cannot know in advance how likely the tenant will destroy the premises.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-018
text: Counterparty trust in the programmed parameters of a smart contract is more justified in simpler contracts, and specifically where the smart contract template has a history of successful executions.
claim type: condition
topics: smart-contracts
topics: reputation
scope conditions: simpler smart contracts
scope conditions: template has a prior record of successful executions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3405401-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In simpler smart contracts such trust may be more justified if the smart contract template has a history of successful executions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-019
text: In more complex smart contracts the counterparties cannot fully know whether the contract will do what it was programmed to do, or whether it will contain bugs or follow a logic the parties did not anticipate.
claim type: failure
topics: smart-contracts
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: more complex smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:3405401-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In other words, in more complex smart contracts, the counterparties to the contract cannot fully know if the contract will do what it was programmed to do and whether it will have bugs or otherwise follow another logic that was not anticipated by the parties to the contract.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-021
text: Solving the trust problem in decentralized commerce requires an intangible value system, not a further transferable store of value.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized commerce
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3405401-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To solve the issues of trust in decentralized commerce, an intangible value system is needed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-028
text: Until blockchain technology was introduced via bitcoin in 2009, decentralized reputation systems mostly relied on the old and corruptible concept of the Web of Trust.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: period before 2009
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3405401-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Until blockchain technology was introduced via bitcoin in 2009, decentralized reputation system mostly relied on the old and corruptible concept of the Web of Trust.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-031
text: Validated smart contract templates increase trust for counterparties and remove the need for costly back testing and experimentation with smart contract templates.
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topics: reputation
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: templates have been validated through reputation verification
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3405401-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Validated templates of smart contracts increase trust for counterparties. The validation removes the need for costly back-testing and experimentation with smart contract templates.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405401-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-033
text: Truly increasing counterparty trust in decentralized smart contract based commerce requires that counterparties be able to review a long history of each other's conduct in decentralized commerce and of performance in earlier smart contracts.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
scope conditions: decentralized smart contract based commerce
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3405401-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To truly increase trust for counterparties in decentralized smart contract-based commerce, counterparties need to be able to review a long history of each other's conduct in decentralized commerce and the history of performance in earlier smart contracts.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405660-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405660-006
text: LTCM was diversified across markets but not across strategy, so its positions failed together; market level diversification does not imply strategy level diversification.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: private-funds
scope conditions: stress conditions in which risk spreads widen across markets simultaneously
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: evidenced
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It became obvious that while the fund was diversified in terms of markets, its overall strategy was not diversified.
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405660-007
text: Conventional risk models understated LTCM's losses because the models were estimated during more stable periods and therefore did not describe behavior under stress.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: models calibrated on data from stable market periods
scope conditions: subsequent stress conditions
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:3405660-007:source-passage
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text: markets greatly exceeded what conventional risk models suggested were probable, but these were estimated during more stable periods.
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405660-008
text: The same leverage that produced LTCM's high returns magnified its losses, so leverage is a symmetric amplifier rather than a one directional source of performance.
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attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 11

id: kaal:claim:3405660-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In spite of the fact that leverage was key to LTCM ́s high returns, it also magnified LTCM ́s losses.
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-009
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canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405660-009
text: Before its collapse LTCM held roughly $4.8 billion in capital while controlling $160 billion in stocks and bonds, with derivatives of a notional value of $1 trillion.
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scope conditions: position as of the period immediately before the 1998 crash
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: LTCM had $4.8 billion in capital prior to the crash and controlled $160 billion in stocks and bonds. In addition, derivatives of the fund had a notional value of $1 trillion.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405660-010
type: Claim
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text: Hedge fund disclosure to counterparties and investors relies on balance sheet concepts that are uninformative about the actual nature of market risk and credit risk exposures.
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topics: disclosure
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topics: private-funds
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Disclosure by hedge funds to counterparties and investors are often made by using balance-sheet concepts, which are not informative about the nature of the exposures to market risk and credit risk.
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-011
type: Claim
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text: LTCM reached systemically dangerous size because banks lent to it without regard to repayment capacity, and in doing so the banks endangered their own existence.
claim type: failure
topics: systemic-risk
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relevance score: 11

id: kaal:claim:3405660-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: LTCM grew as large as it did because banks lent it money without regard for whether this money could be paid back. Banks put their own existence at risk with their lending practices during this time.
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-014
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text: Additional direct limitations on hedge funds spill over onto other private investment pools such as venture capital funds and structured financings, which do not present the same systemic risk concerns.
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topics: innovation
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topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: rules drafted broadly enough to capture private investment pools generally
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The imposition of additional limitations on hedge funds can impose unwarranted burdens on other types of private investment pools, such as venture capital funds and structured financings that do not raise the same concerns as hedge funds in terms of systemic risk.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405660-018
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text: The complex trading, investing and corporate structures of active international hedge funds are a major constraint on effective prudential supervision.
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: One of the major constraining factors that constricts effective prudential supervision of hedge funds is the complex trading-, investing- and corporate structure of active international hedge funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3405660-023
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text: Indirect regulation asks banks to fully assess the risk they incur from hedge fund counterparties, but that assessment is often dubious at best because of the opacity of hedge fund activity.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: banks face opaque hedge fund counterparties
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-023:source-passage
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text: Regulators who regulate banks' risk management processes are in essence asking banks to fully assess the risks they incur in engaging with hedge funds as their counterparties. That assessment is often dubious at best.
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-035
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text: Indirect regulation makes ex post opportunism by hedge funds less likely because the financial intermediaries, not just the funds, stand to lose reputation and market position if their counterparty risk evaluation proves insufficient.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
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id: kaal:claim:3405660-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: ex post opportunism of hedge funds is less likely considering that not only hedge funds but also their financial intermediaries are endangered to lose their reputation and market position in case it transpired that their risk evaluation of a counterparty hedge fund is insufficient
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-002
text: Because information flow in decentralized systems is optimized through dynamic feedback effects, such systems mutate and change easily, which makes them more attack resistant and allows them to grow very quickly.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: consensus-and-security
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Decentralized systems can also very easily mutate and change because the information flow is optimized through dynamic feedback effects. As a result, such systems become more attack resistant on multiple levels.
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-007
text: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations challenge the core belief that governance necessitates agency, because a DAO can operate a governance structure built entirely on software, code, and smart contracts.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: DAOs instantiated on public blockchain platforms such as Ethereum
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have started to challenge the core believe that governance necessitates agency.
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-012
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text: Decentralized technologies increase consumer and market trust at unprecedented scale, which lowers transaction costs and raises confidence and certainty, thereby facilitating economies of scale that centralized structures may not be able to achieve.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: technology enabled decentralized commerce
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3406323-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Trust can help lower transaction costs but it also increases consumer and overall market confidence and certainty, which facilitate economies of scale that may not be possible in centralized structures.
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-034
text: The flexibility that human business requires will unlikely ever be attained in existing decentralized protocols unless a decentralized verification system is built into decentralized commerce.
claim type: condition
topics: smart-contracts
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: existing decentralized protocols
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3406323-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the needed flexibility in existing decentralized protocols will unlikely ever be attained unless a decentralized verification system is built into decentralized commerce.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3406323-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-035
text: Reputation avoids the recentralization dynamic that afflicts currencies because it must be earned and can be lost yet cannot be converted into a fungible store of value exchangeable for goods.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
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scope conditions: reputation used as a metric and store of value in decentralized systems
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation as a metric and store of value does not suffer the same consequences and does not lead to centralization because it must be earned, it can be lost, yet it cannot be turned into a fungible store of value that allows the
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id: kaal:claim:3406323-036
type: Claim
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text: Decentralized reputation verification is the backstop for smart contracting: it makes mathematically rigid smart contracts more adjustable for business needs and validates smart contract templates, which raises counterparty trust and removes the need for costly back-testing.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: decentralized smart contract based commerce
scope conditions: the code is law standard is retained
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3406323-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Decentralized reputation verification systems enable mathematically rigid smart contracts to become more adjustable for the needs of business. Reputation verification becomes the backstop for smart contracting.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3406323-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-037
text: Increasing counterparty trust in decentralized commerce requires that the full history of transactions be openly viewable and verifiable, so that counterparties' actions endure as part of a public record and a meaningful precedence system.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: decentralized smart contract based commerce between anonymous parties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3406323-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The history of transactions has to be fully openly viewable and verifiable, so that business parties can see that their counterparties will perform as expected.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3406323-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-039
text: A DAO's profit distribution weights across present workers, past workers, protocol designers, and governance designers should match the DAO's current values, since a greater share for new workers attracts new workers, a greater share for older workers signals long term stability, and a greater share for protocol designers attracts innovation.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: algorithmic token design in a DAO
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3406323-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A greater share for new workers will attract new workers, a greater share for the older workers will signal long-term stability, while a greater share for the protocol designers will attract more innovation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3406323-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-040
text: For any static set of rules in an infinitely repeated game using reputation stakes there is a way to subvert the rules for individual profit at the expense of the group, a result the author attributes to the Folk Theorems of game theory.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: infinitely repeated games using reputation or stakes
scope conditions: static rule sets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:3406323-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For any static set of rules in an infinitely repeated game using reputation (stakes), there is a way to subvert the rules for an individual's profit at the expense of the group.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3406323-041
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-041
text: A dynamic, changing set of governance rules can address the problem that any static rule set is gameable, and can establish the incentives necessary to stop such abuses.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: decentralized governance systems exposed to strategic attack
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3406323-041:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A dynamic, changing set of governance rules can address the conundrum, and can set up the incentives necessary to stop the abuses.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3409548-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-003
text: Current hedge fund trading technology is hard coded by humans, whereas deep learning systems can be given a simple command and derive a result from data on their own; this is the operative difference between legacy quantitative tools and machine learning.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:3409548-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The current technology used in hedge fund trading is hard coded by a human. In contrast, a deep learning AI machine learning algorithm can be given a simple command and automatically find a result based on data.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3409548-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-007
text: Machine learning improves portfolio diversification by searching for instruments that are uncorrelated with each other and that still match the requirements of the target risk profile.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: systemic-risk
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: portfolio construction against a defined risk profile
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3409548-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: ML can help in accurate portfolio diversification by looking for uncorrelated instruments that match requirements of the risk profile.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3409548-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-009
text: Repeated use of the same data set by data scientists creates an overfitting risk: the training model overfits the test set, which limits the performance of the applied model on a different dataset.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: data scientists reusing a single data set repetitively
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3409548-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: When data scientists use the same data set repetitively a risk exists that the training model will overfit the test set of data, which can limit the performance of the applied model on a different dataset.
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id: kaal:claim:3409548-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-019
text: The Northern Trust and IBM blockchain removes a specific inefficiency in private equity deal practice by letting all involved parties in a deal look at a single compiled version of the transaction and all data relating to it, rather than reconciling multiple copies of the deal documents.
claim type: mechanism
topics: private-funds
topics: blockchain
topics: reputation
scope conditions: private equity deal administration
scope conditions: Northern Trust and IBM partnership from February 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3409548-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the blockchain program announced by Northern Trust and IBM allows all involved parties in an equity deal to look at a single compiled version of the transaction and all other data relating to the deal.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3409548-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-024
text: Because blockchain is transparent, verifiable, self-authenticating and self-enforcing, transactions can settle instantaneously at near zero cost, and it is this combination plus technology-driven democratized trust that drove the financial industry's large blockchain investments out of fear of obsolescence.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: economics
topics: decentralization
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3409548-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain technology is transparent, verifiable, self- authenticating, and self-enforcing, financial transactions can be executed instantaneously at near zero transaction costs, increasing the efficiency for business and individuals exponentially.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3409548-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-025
text: Machine learning applied to execution algorithms lets large orders be split into thousands of smaller transactions without moving the market, with the algorithm adjusting its aggressiveness to market conditions.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
scope conditions: large order execution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:3409548-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: ML can be applied in execution algorithms that help execute large orders by dividing them into thousands of smaller transactions without influencing the market, while adjusting their aggressiveness to the market situation.
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id: kaal:claim:3409548-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-026
text: Artificial intelligence and machine learning are used far more heavily for idea generation and portfolio optimization than for execution: two thirds of surveyed funds use them to generate trading ideas and optimize portfolios, while only just over a quarter use automation to execute trades.
claim type: empirical
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: 2018 BarclayHedge survey respondents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:3409548-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Two-thirds of respondents use AI/ML to generate trading ideas and optimize portfolios.101 Just over a quarter of respondents use automation to execute trades.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3409548-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-027
text: Adoption of artificial intelligence in hedge funds remains partial rather than total: more than four out of ten survey respondents still rely on conventional human thinking to guide their investment processes.
claim type: empirical
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: 2018 BarclayHedge survey respondents
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:3409548-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, more than four out of ten of survey respondents still rely on conventional human thinking to guide their investment processes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3409548-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-028
text: Whether deep learning can identify particular features of a stock that would be profitable remains contested rather than settled.
claim type: predictive
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: speculative
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:3409548-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: There is disagreement over whether deep learning may be able to identify particular features of a stock that could be profitable.
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id: kaal:claim:3409548-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3409548-037
text: Most large private equity and hedge fund advisers have not yet even considered combining blockchain with big data and artificial intelligence, leaving first mover efficiency gains to smaller competitors.
claim type: empirical
topics: blockchain
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: large fund advisers as of 2019
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3409548-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Most large fund advisers in the private equity and hedge fund industry have not yet considered implementing blockchain technology in combination with big data applications and artificial intelligence.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-003
text: Blockchain reduces counterparty credit risk through a specific mechanism: a single shared ledger compresses the settlement cycle so that cash or securities are verifiably in the account within seconds of the trade, leaving almost no window for counterparty default.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: a single shared ledger used across trading firms
scope conditions: near instantaneous settlement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3411110-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: credit risk is reduced because cash (if selling) or the securities (if purchasing) are in the account for verification shortly after the trade (which could be seconds, if not fractions of a second), because the settlement cycle is substantially reduced.
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id: kaal:claim:3411110-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-007
text: Because direct ownership on a blockchain removes the need for the Depository Trust Corporation to hold the certificate and for a broker to record beneficial ownership, agency costs can be cut and ownership clarity increases.
claim type: mechanism
topics: corporate-governance
topics: decentralization
topics: defi
scope conditions: direct registration of ownership on the ledger
scope conditions: no third party custodian
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:3411110-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By establishing a system that makes the DTC obsolete, agency costs have the potential to be cut and clarity surrounding ownership will increase.
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id: kaal:claim:3411110-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-012
text: Transfer agents become unnecessary in blockchain based trading models because every function they perform, including maintaining the holding record, can be automated in code and is already produced by the ledger's design.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
scope conditions: fully blockchain based trading and settlement models
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:3411110-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In blockchain- based trading models, transfer agents will not be needed because every task they preform can be automated through coding.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-013
text: The double spending problem has not been eradicated in theory: a group or syndicate obtaining 51 percent control of a network could reverse transactions and create a private chain that the market could only limitedly discern as not real.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: a decentralized network where one party can amass majority hashing control
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:3411110-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: There is the possibility a group or syndicate could gain 51% control over the network and would therefore be able to reverse transactions and create a private blockchain, which the market could only limitedly discern as not real.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-020
text: Blockchain based offerings introduce technology risks from code design and functioning and from third party intrusions that are generally absent in traditional offerings, and these risks cannot really be quantified.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: blockchain based offerings compared with traditional offerings
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:3411110-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Technology-based risks include risks from the design and functioning of code, and from third-party intrusions. Such risks are generally not present in a traditional offering.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-026
text: Near instant settlement creates its own regulatory problem: there is no practical ability to correct trade errors when settlement is same day, whereas the T+2 or T+3 structure supplies a correction window even as its delay causes other trading violations.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: same day or near instant settlement compared with T+2 and T+3
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:3411110-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Settlement-related issues (e.g., no practical ability to correct trade errors because of same-day / near-instant settlement versus T+3 / T+2 structure).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-027
text: Despite an early call for regulatory leadership from Commissioner Stein in 2015, the SEC has not addressed core recognition questions for blockchain in finance, including cryptocurrencies, tokens as securities, and DAOs as investment advisers.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
scope conditions: SEC action between 2015 and the time of writing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:3411110-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Despite this early cautioning and call for action, the SEC has not yet addressed core issues pertaining to the recognition of blockchain technology applications in finance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-028
text: The SEC's rejection of the Winklevoss Bitcoin ETF, reasoned on Bitcoin's unregulated nature and susceptibility to fraud, reflects agency distrust of the crypto asset class as a whole rather than a narrow product objection.
claim type: empirical
topics: tokenomics
topics: securities-law
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: SEC order disapproving the Winklevoss Bitcoin Trust listing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:3411110-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The SEC's decision regarding the Bitcoin ETF reflects its distrust towards the crypto asset class as a whole, especially funds attempting to trade digital currencies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-037
text: Development of blockchain based processes will take several years if not decades, so the most likely outcome is that legacy and blockchain based issuance, trading, and settlement systems coexist side by side for the foreseeable future.
claim type: predictive
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: transition period for securities market infrastructure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:3411110-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: will take several years if not decades, and so the most likely circumstance is that legacy and blockchain-based securities issuance, trading, settlement, and related systems and processes will have to co-exist side-by-side for the foreseeable future.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411110-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411110-039
text: The Overstock structure fails to deliver investor privacy, because all existing broker-dealer customer agreements contain provisions allowing the broker-dealer to share the customer's identity, whereas ideally the individual's privacy would be contained.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: economics
scope conditions: existing broker-dealer customer agreements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3411110-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For instance, all existing broker-dealer customer agreements included provisions which allows the broker-dealer to share the identity of the customer. Ideally, the privacy of the individual would be contained.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-003
text: Decentralized systems mutate and change easily because their information flow is optimized through dynamic feedback effects, and this capacity to mutate is what makes them more attack resistant on multiple levels.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: holds for systems whose information flow is genuinely distributed
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:3411897-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Decentralized systems can also very easily mutate and change because the information flow is optimized through dynamic feedback effects. As a result, such systems become more attack resistant on multiple levels.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-007
text: eBay's user rating system, despite being its biggest competitive advantage, is clearly flawed, and the persistence of those flaws demonstrates the unmet need for a decentralized reputation verification system, since no better technology has yet been produced.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
scope conditions: applies to centralized platform reputation systems as of 2019
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3411897-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While the user ratings eBay uses clearly have flaws (that illustrate the need for a decentralized reputation verification system – discussed in Chapter 6), so far, nobody has been able to come up with a better technology.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-008
text: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations challenge the core belief that governance necessitates agency, attacking organizational design at a fundamental level rather than merely reforming it.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies to DAOs built on smart contracting platforms such as Ethereum
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:3411897-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While it is still difficult to imagine a world without governance structures facilitated by agency constructs, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) have started to challenge the core believe that governance necessitates agency.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-022
text: DAOs are in their infancy and cannot currently overcome core governance problems while maintaining a decentralized structure; the two objectives are, as of 2019, in tension.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: state of DAO technology as of 2019
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3411897-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DAOs are in their infancy and cannot currently overcome core governance problems while maintaining a decentralized structure.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-034
text: The flexibility that human business requires will unlikely ever be attained in existing decentralized protocols unless a decentralized verification system is built into decentralized commerce.
claim type: condition
topics: smart-contracts
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: existing decentralized protocols
scope conditions: even as smart contracts grow more sophisticated
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3411897-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While more sophisticated smart contracts over time can fulfill some of these human business requirements, the needed flexibility in existing decentralized protocols will unlikely ever be attained unless a decentralized verification system is built into decentralized commerce.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-035
text: Until blockchain technology arrived with Bitcoin in 2009, decentralized reputation systems rested on the roughly twenty five year old and corruptible concept of the Web of Trust.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: pre 2009 decentralized reputation systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3411897-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Until blockchain technology was introduced via Bitcoin in 2009, decentralized reputation systems mostly relied on the roughly 25 year old corruptible concept of the Web of Trust.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-036
text: It is immaterial whether security incidents occur on centralized exchanges, on centralized systems appended to decentralized structures, or in the decentralized systems themselves, because the public perceives the resulting security concerns as a technology risk across all of these technologies.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: public perception of cryptocurrency and blockchain security
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3411897-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: structures or the decentralized systems themselves is immaterial in this context. The security concerns are seen by the public as a technology risk across technologies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-037
text: Decentralized reputation verification systems make mathematically rigid smart contracts more adjustable for the needs of business by serving as the backstop for smart contracting.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: requires an operational decentralized reputation verification layer
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3411897-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: mathematically rigid smart contracts to become more adjustable for the needs of business. Reputation verification becomes the backstop for smart contracting.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-039
text: Without a core common ethical denominator, decentralized systems cannot last: they lose coherence, become attackable, and can be corrupted, leading to suboptimal societal outcomes.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies to decentralized systems as to all attempts to organize society
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3411897-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without a core common ethical denominator, decentralized systems cannot last, they lose coherence, become attackable, and can be corrupted, leading to suboptimal societal outcomes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3411897-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-040
text: For any static set of rules in an infinitely repeated game using reputation stakes, there is a way to subvert the rules for an individual's profit at the expense of the group, which is why static decentralized governance rules can always be gamed and only dynamic, changing rules can address the problem.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: infinitely repeated games with reputation or stake based rules
scope conditions: static rule sets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:3411897-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For any static set of rules in an infinitely repeated game using reputation (stakes), there is a way to subvert the rules for an individual's profit at the expense of the group.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-005
text: Forking a chain is an insufficient governance mechanism, and even attempts to create socially optimal chain forking rules cannot suffice as a substitute for evolutionary blockchain governance protocols.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
topics: dao
scope conditions: existing blockchain governance that relies on forks
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3441904-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Existing blockchain governance still mainly consist of forking a given chain. Even attempts to create socially optimal chain forking rules cannot suffice.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-010
text: Dynamic power organization in a DAO succeeds only if the decentralized governance structure motivates token holders to collaborate productively by fairly rewarding development, work, and the policing of any diminishments.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAO designs that distribute autonomous power to members
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:3441904-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The successful implementation of such dynamic power organization requires a decentralized governance structure that motivates DAO token holders to collaborate productively, by fairly rewarding development, work, and the policing of any diminishments.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-018
text: Participants must be incentivized to improve their own utility while simultaneously benefiting the institution over the long run; without that duality of incentivization, rational and opportunistic internal and external constituents will attempt to game the governance design.
claim type: condition
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: dao
scope conditions: all blockchain governance structures, especially on chain governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3441904-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without that duality of incentivization, rational and opportunistic internal and external constituents will attempt to game the governance design.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-036
text: Ex post code based majoritarian rules generated by DAOs are superior to ex ante majoritarian default rules because they rest on more accurate real time information from the edge and decentralized feedback effects, and are not subject to the same information asymmetries.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAOs with dynamic governance mechanisms allowing token holder votes on code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3441904-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Ex-post code-based majoritarian rules are superior to ex-ante majoritarian rules because they are based on more accurate real-time information from the edge and decentralized feedback effects.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-037
text: A decentralized on chain precedent system makes reputation based DAO governance dynamic: a post or template that is increasingly referenced gains non fungible reputation weight and associated fungible salaries, while unused precedent dissipates over time.
claim type: mechanism
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: dao
scope conditions: DAO designs with a weighted directed acyclic graph and public on chain posts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3441904-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As a post/template on the blockchain gets increasingly referenced by the DAO members and other users, it increases in non-fungible reputation weight and associated fungible salaries.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-038
text: Optimized DAO governance should pay members only indirectly, through fungible salary tokens issued in proportion to non fungible merit tokens, because the indirect economic effects remove corruptive elements and make the design more attack resistant and stable in the long run.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: bifurcated DAO designs with two disparate token types
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:3441904-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The indirect economic effects remove corruptive elements and make the governance design more attack resistant and stable in the long run.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-041
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-041
text: Reputation based staking removes the corruptive elements of fungible tokens from voting because third parties are less likely to be able to take over a non fungible asset that is organically grown and maintained through actual expertise in the DAO subject matter.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: voting by staking non fungible reputation tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 63

id: kaal:claim:3441904-041:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The corruptive elements of fungible assets/tokens are removed because third parties are less likely able to take over a non-fungible assets, such as reputation, that is organically grown and maintained through actual expertise in a given DAO subject matter.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-042
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-042
text: Reputation based metrics were ineffective in centralized governance systems because before blockchain, reputation could not be stored autonomously, anonymously, and transparently, so it was not a reliable predictor of actors' future actions.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: pre blockchain centralized reputation systems such as the web of trust and platform ratings
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3441904-042:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Before the emergence of blockchain technology, reputation could not be stored autonomously, anonymously, and transparently. Accordingly, reputation was not a reliable predictor of actors' future actions in centralized governance systems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-043
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-043
text: Reputation based DAO governance turns a zero sum game into a positive sum game, because members are given incentives to build lasting non fungible value through a long term record of productive cooperation that improves the DAO.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
scope conditions: DAO designs using non fungible reputation rather than fungible rewards
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3441904-043:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DAO members have incentives to create lasting non-fungible value for the institution by developing a long-term non-fungible record of productive cooperation that in effect improves the DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3441904-044
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-044
text: DAO member reputation should be designed as inflationary rather than as a permanent stock, so that non use such as non staking or non voting leads to value depreciation.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation based DAO governance designs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 63

id: kaal:claim:3441904-044:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The DAO member reputation should be inflationary in the DAO design.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-013
text: ICO sale terms are not fixed at launch: promoters can alter the smart contract to change the sales rules mid course during an offering, a risk factor for retail investors that has no analogue in a registered offering.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: ICOs administered through promoter controlled smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3606663-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Promoters can also alter the smart contract to change ICO sales rules mid-course during an ICO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-015
text: Institutional investors face a distinct barrier beyond volatility: fiduciary responsibility to their clients limits the type of risk they may take on, and the lack of custody solutions recognized by regulators compounds the problem.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: defi
topics: economics
scope conditions: institutional investors subject to fiduciary duties
scope conditions: early 2020s absence of regulator recognized custody solutions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:3606663-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While larger institutional players face the same issues, they are also limited by their fiduciary responsibility to their clients, which limits the type of risk they can be exposed to. Compounding these challenges is the lack of stable custody solution(s) that are recognized by the regulators.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-021
text: Cyber security incidents contribute to the volatility of the digital asset market through a specific channel: consumers instantaneously withdraw their assets from an exchange affected by an incident.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: defi
topics: systemic-risk
topics: economics
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: digital asset exchanges affected by cyber security incidents
scope conditions: author flags other contributing reasons
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3606663-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Some indicia suggest that cyber security incidents contribute to the volatility of the digital asset market as consumers withdraw instantaneously their assets from an exchange that has been affected by a cyber security incident, among other reasons for this relationship.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-033
text: Accountability is a structural concern in DeFi: without a central entity it can become unclear who is responsible for wrongdoing, and when problems arise no central party can freeze transactions, fix problems, or restore normal operations.
claim type: failure
topics: defi
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: fully decentralized finance systems without a central operator
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:3606663-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: "Without central entity involvement, who should be held accountable for potential wrongdoing can become unclear. Who do you resort to for help? When problems arise, no central party can take actions to freeze transactions, fix problems and restore normal operations.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-034
text: In the early 2020s the DeFi technology infrastructure was insufficiently developed to support DeFi growth estimates and growth potential, and fulfilling that potential requires significant tradeoffs between scaling, security, and levels of decentralization.
claim type: failure
topics: defi
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: DeFi infrastructure as of the early 2020s
scope conditions: projected DeFi growth rates
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3606663-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the early 2020s, the DeFi technology infrastructure was insufficiently developed to support DeFi growth estimates and growth potential.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-035
text: The tradeoff between transaction approval speed and immutability has the potential to undermine the DeFi infrastructure in the long run.
claim type: failure
topics: defi
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: consensus based decentralized ledgers supporting DeFi
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3606663-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The trade-off between transaction approval speed and immutability has the potential to undermine the DeFi infrastructure in the long run.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-036
text: Consensus in decentralized systems presents a two sided cost problem: creating consensus raises the costs of prepping, processing, and storing information, while reducing the number of computational checks increases the risk of collusion attacks that could change the record.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: public distributed consensus systems
scope conditions: information distributed to and validated by all parties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3606663-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Creating consensus requires increase costs of prepping, processing, and storing information.333 On the other hand, fewer computational checks for consensus increase the risk of collusion attacks that could change the record.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-038
text: Conducting monetary policy through a central bank digital currency imposes a requirement on the technology layer: the underlying network protocol must enable the central bank to adjust the money supply at will and to act as lender of last resort with access to unlimited supply.
claim type: condition
topics: tokenomics
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: CBDC built on a blockchain style protocol
scope conditions: central bank intends to conduct monetary policy through the CBDC
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:3606663-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, in order to be able to conduct monetary policy with CBDC, the underlying network protocol would have to enable the central bank to adjust the money supply at will.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-039
text: The Bank of Canada's year long Jasper trial revealed a tradeoff rather than a solution: Ethereum would make the wholesale payment system more resilient but was costly and raised privacy issues, while Corda addressed cost and privacy but made the system less resilient, and the Bank concluded in May 2017 that blockchain was not mature enough to run a national interbank payment system.
claim type: empirical
topics: systemic-risk
topics: decentralization
topics: blockchain
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: Bank of Canada Jasper trial
scope conditions: national interbank payment system use case
scope conditions: as of May 2017
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3606663-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While Ethereum would make the wholesale payment system more resilient but would be costly and raised privacy issues, Corda was able to address the cost and privacy concerns but made the system less resilient.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3606663-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3606663-040
text: Although the public realm of coins could not exist without prior private experimentation, it is possible that the public realm will impact or even pre empt private coin development, for example if central banks attempt to censor the use of digital currencies they did not issue.
claim type: predictive
topics: tokenomics
topics: systemic-risk
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: coexistence of central bank digital currencies and privately issued coins
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: speculative
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:3606663-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: it is possible that the public realm of the coin evolution could attempt to impact or even pre- empt the private coin development and use. For example, some central banks may attempt to censor the use of non-centrally-issued digital currencies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-004
text: A DAO realigns the otherwise disparate interests of principals and agents because all participants in the DAO share the same goal, which reduces behavior contrary to the interests of the organization.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:3652481-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Incentives are realigned between otherwise disparate interests of principals and agents because all participants in a DAO share the same goal, which reduces behavior that is contrary to the interests of the organization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-005
text: Reputational penalties for non performance in a DAO are free from racial and cultural bias, because token holders are unlikely even to know one another.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
scope conditions: members are pseudonymous or unknown to each other
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3652481-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Crucially, non-performance reputational penalties are entirely free from racial or cultural biases and associated implications as the token holders are unlikely to even know each other.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-008
text: Absent continual effort to maintain decentralized order, the very values that initially unite DAO members tend to produce ever tighter and more complex hierarchical structures inside the DAO, ending in a fully centralized tree structure.
claim type: failure
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: no ongoing effort is made to preserve decentralized order
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3652481-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without continual efforts to maintain decentralized order, values that initially unite DAO members have a tendency to result in ever tighter and complex hierarchical structures in the DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-009
text: The immutability of blockchain ledgers is itself a vulnerability, because once a DAO is in operation its essential construction is very difficult to alter should a bug in the code appear.
claim type: failure
topics: smart-contracts
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: dao
scope conditions: a bug exists in deployed DAO code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3652481-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The immutable nature of blockchain ledgers could also make the DAO vulnerable to attacks because it is so difficult to alter the essential construction of the DAO once the system is in operation, should a bug in the code arise.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-021
text: The identity of actors in a DAO governance design typically creates corruptive elements, and merit identifiers other than individual identity remove the most corruptive influences.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3652481-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Similarly, the identity of actors in a DAO governance design creates typically corruptive elements. Merit identifiers other than individual identity remove the most corruptive influences.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-031
text: Reputation based staking removes the corruptive elements of fungible tokens because a third party is less likely to be able to take over a non fungible asset such as reputation that was organically grown and maintained through actual expertise in the DAO's subject matter.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation is non fungible and expertise based
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:3652481-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The corruptive elements of fungible assets/tokens are removed because third parties are less likely able to take over a non-fungible asset, such as reputation, that is organically grown and maintained through actual expertise in a given DAO subject matter.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-036
text: Paying DevDAO salaries in fungible stable tokens in proportion to members' non fungible reputation scores makes the economic benefit indirect, which removes corruptive elements and makes the governance design more attack resistant and stable over the long run.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: a bifurcated token design with non fungible reputation tokens and fungible salary tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 65

id: kaal:claim:3652481-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The salary payments in fungible stable tokens are in proportion to DevDAO members' respective non-fungible reputation token scores. The indirect economic effects remove corruptive elements and make the governance design more attack resistant and stable in the long run.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-037
text: The reputation based DevDAO governance design creates a positive sum game, because members have incentives to build lasting non fungible value through a long term record of productive cooperation that improves the DevDAO itself.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
scope conditions: reputation is non fungible and publicly reviewable
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3652481-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By contrast, the reputation- based DevDAO governance design creates a positive-sum game because DevDAO members have incentives to create lasting non- fungible value for the DevDAO by developing a long-term non- fungible record of productive cooperation that in effect improves the DevDAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-038
text: DevDAO member reputation is inflationary by design, so that non use, meaning failure to stake reputation tokens or to vote, causes value depreciation, which incentivizes action and makes liveness faults less likely.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 60

id: kaal:claim:3652481-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The DevDAO member reputation is inflationary in the DevDAO design. As such, non-use, e.g. non-staking of reputation tokens or non-voting, would lead to value depreciation, which incentivizes action and thus value enhancement. Liveness faults become less likely.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3652481-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3652481-039
text: Reputation weighted salary distribution defeats sock puppet attacks, because a member who creates ten accounts holding one reputation token each ends up in the same position as one account holding ten reputation tokens.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: salary is distributed in proportion to reputation token holdings
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:3652481-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This solves the sock- puppet attack because if a DevDAO member creates 10 accounts with 1 reputation token each, it is the same as 1 account with 10 reputation tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-001
text: Centralized coordination of behavior for the common good risks undermining individual effort, whereas blockchain technology's autonomous and anonymous decentralized coordination of individual action can deliver common good outcomes without suppressing individualism and its welfare enhancing effects.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: applies where common good objectives require coordinating many individuals
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3709041-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While centralized common good coordination of human behavior risks undermining individual effort, blockchain technology's autonomous and anonymous decentralized network coordination of individual human action can help overcome the threat to individualism and its welfare enhancing effects.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-003
text: Blockchain's formal immutable guarantees, improved data ownership, transparency, network integrity, and data privacy together generate a form of trust that helps optimize both business and society.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: disclosure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3709041-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Through its formal immutable guarantees, improved data ownership, transparency, network integrity, and data privacy, blockchain technology facilitates unprecedented trust that helps to optimize business and society.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-004
text: Power in a blockchain system is exercised through the consensus protocol, which places control of data with multiple networked parties and thereby creates checks and balances that prevent any single vested interest from controlling the system.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3709041-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Power is exercised by way of blockchain's consensus protocol. The consensus protocol enables the control of data by multiple networked parties. It facilitates a system of checks and balances that prohibits any vested interest and control of the system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-014
text: Trust created by law is often limited because it is only indirectly democratically legitimized, inflexible, untimely, resistant to change, dependent on fallible human centric decision processes, and constrained to human speed.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: compliance
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies to trust generated by legal guarantees and judicial enforcement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3709041-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Legally created trust is often limited as it can be arbitrary because it is only indirectly democratically legitimized, inflexible, untimely, resistant to change, with fallible human-centric decision processes, and human speed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-018
text: Microdemocratic vote allocation improves outcome quality because a voter's proportional allocation of votes to an issue is itself evidence of that voter's higher knowledge of the issue, and voters are unlikely to give top priority to issues they know little about.
claim type: mechanism
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3709041-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, part of the power of this microdemocratic approach derives from the higher levels of knowledge a given voter has on a particular issue that is evidenced by the voters' proportional allocation of votes on such issue.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-022
text: Representative democracies in the early 2020s were slow and inflexible because of their constitutional and institutional infrastructure and their legal systems, with change typically depending on the election of a new government after around four years at the earliest.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: describes representative democracies as of the early 2020s
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3709041-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the early 2020s, representative democracies were largely slow and inflexible because of their constitutional and institutional infrastructure and their respective legal systems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-024
text: Decentralized voting pools can become supplemental voting systems that help overcome the legitimacy deficit of representative democracies, but installing them as upgrades to existing representative democracies would require constitutional or democratic support that is dubious at best.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: requires constitutional or democratic authorization for adoption
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3709041-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Of course, such upgrades to existing representative democracies may require constitutional or democratic support which is dubious at best.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3709041-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3709041-028
text: Blockchain based land title records can serve as collateral for credit or as identity verification, removing a requirement that is often challenging and prohibitive for accessing both financial and non-financial services.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies where identity or title verification is a prerequisite to service access
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:3709041-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
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id: kaal:claim:3709041-033
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text: Consumers increasingly favor genetically unmodified organic food from local and sustainable sources, yet the integrity of such products is usually difficult to verify, a verification gap blockchain technology can close.
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id: kaal:claim:3709041-033:source-passage
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text: Blockchain technology can help ascertain the integrity of clean food for consumers. Consumers increasingly favor genetically unmodified organic food from local and sustainable sources. Yet, it is usually difficult to verify the integrity of products.
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id: kaal:claim:3709041-038
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text: The transparency that blockchain offers can address the public's diminishing trust in traditional charities, because blockchain based giving allows donations to be tracked to their destination, kept anonymous or named, and freed of administrative cost or fee.
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id: kaal:claim:3709041-038:source-passage
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-007
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text: Decentralization is not merely delegation, deconcentration, devolution, or the redistribution of centrally organized authority or centrally collected revenue; equating it with those terms misstates what decentralization is.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-007:source-passage
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text: Termino- logically, decentralization is not just synonymous with delegation, deconcentration, disassortative, devolution, circulation, or partnership.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-009
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text: The degree of decentralization can be delineated by distinguishing logical decentralization, architectural or hardware decentralization, and political or governance decentralization, though some overlap among these concepts is unavoidable.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-009:source-passage
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text: The degree of decentralization can be delineated by distinguishing several core con- cepts such as logical decentralization, architectural decentralization, and political de- centralization.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-013
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text: Because information in decentralized systems is continuously outdated by a changing environment, decentralized governance must be autonomous and automated, able to evolve, mutate, and create new information precedent, in the way mitosis replaces worn out cells.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-013:source-passage
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text: Like mitosis, this decentralized governance process has to be autonomous and automated in the system. Decentralized governance has to be able to evolve and mutate and create new information precedent for the continuous efficient operation of the system.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-014
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text: Natural selection operates as a decentralized selection mechanism: no centralized authority determines which organisms survive, and the population with the most adaptable and heritable traits gains a natural comparative advantage without any centralized mechanism.
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scope conditions: biological evolution as an analogy for decentralized systems
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-014:source-passage
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text: The natural selection of the most adaptable and survivable population char- acteristics materializes without a centralized mechanism.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-015
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text: Technology-driven decentralized systems depend on existing infrastructure and follow existing natural network patterns, just as predator populations could not evolve without prey.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-015:source-passage
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text: Technology-driven decentralized systems depend on an ex- isting infrastructure.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782191-016
text: Decentralized systems depend on network effects, which occur when increasing numbers of participants in a network improve the value of network access for the entirety of users; however, a network's infrastructure can compromise its network effects and the associated user benefits.
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topics: institutional-design
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-016:source-passage
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text: Decentralized systems depend on network effects. Network effects occur when in- creasing numbers of participants or users in a given network improve the value of network access for the entirety of the users.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-019
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text: Information in decentralized systems originates at the edges and is optimized through feedback: peers who receive information transmit its changed relevance back to the original generator, who evaluates and amends it, constantly updating and optimizing information quality.
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scope conditions: peer-to-peer decentralized networks
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-019:source-passage
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text: This feedback constantly updates and optimizes the quality of infor- mation.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782191-021
text: Independent and autonomous subgroups, formed randomly based on members' ability to contribute to a common cause and characterized by equality and mutual trust, form the backbone of decentralized structures.
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topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized collaborative structures
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attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Independent and autonomous subgroups create the backbone of decentralized structures. Subgroups are formed randomly based on individual members' ability to contribute to the common cause of the group.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782191-022
text: Centralized coordination enables attack coordination because the hierarchical structure allows attackers to identify a single point of failure, whereas the constantly morphing information flow of decentralized systems increases their attack resistance.
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topics: consensus-and-security
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: comparison of centralized and decentralized system security
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Centralized coordination enables attack coordination because the hierarchical struc- ture allows the identification of a single point of failure.
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-029
type: Claim
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text: There is no clear-cut discrete difference between centralized and decentralized; organizations fall along a spectrum whose essential differentiator is the freedom of each member in the network.
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topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
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id: kaal:claim:3782191-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: There is no clear-cut, discrete difference between centralized and decentralized. There is a spectrum between the two that any organization will fall along. The essen- tial differentiator is the freedom of each member in the network.
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id: kaal:claim:3782192-001
type: Claim
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text: Human group coordination progresses through three stages: chaos, then decentralized organization, then centralized hierarchy. Decentralized organization is not a deviation but the natural intermediate stage between no organization and a completed hierarchy.
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topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: human group coordination and institutional development generally
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3782192-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Human group coordination naturally progresses from the first stage, chaos (barbari- ans ravaging the landscape, "Raahr!"), to decentralized organization ("Let's all agree to band together to defend ourselves from the barbarians"), to centralized organiza- tion ("Long live the king").
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id: kaal:claim:3782192-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-002
text: At the decentralized stage the individual nodes remain autonomous and the network assigns no fixed roles; coordination comes from alignment on a shared transcendental goal rather than from formal position, so that, as the authors put it, the values are the organization.
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topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: decentralized stage of organization, before a hierarchy has formed
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confidence: asserted
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id: kaal:claim:3782192-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The individual nodes remain autonomous; the network does not have fixed roles for each member. But they are all responding to a higher calling as they unite in purpose.
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id: kaal:claim:3782192-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-015
text: As members constantly probe the edge of acceptable behavior, policing the rules becomes more expensive, the rules become divorced from the shared goals, and relationships become brittle and formal instead of warm and loose.
claim type: failure
topics: compliance
topics: reputation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: organizations relying on formal rule enforcement
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3782192-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As members constantly probe the edge of acceptable behavior, policing the rules becomes more expensive. The rules become divorced from the shared goals. Relationships become brittle and formal instead of warm and loose.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782192-018
type: Claim
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text: Long-term organizational stability requires a dynamic governance system that can adapt the rules to changing circumstances, a requirement that holds for any organization but especially for decentralized ones.
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topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: organizations seeking long-term stability
scope conditions: especially decentralized organizations
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3782192-018:source-passage
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text: The fact that any set of rules can be corrupted illustrates two necessities for the long-term stability of any organization, but especially for decentralized organiza- tions. First, a dynamic governance system must be designed that can adapt the rules to the circumstances.
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id: kaal:claim:3782192-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-024
text: Decentralization, though it may look wastefully redundant, gives every member greater autonomous power, whereas centralization limits members' powers and reduces them to cogs in the machine.
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topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:3782192-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Decentralization, while it may be seen as wastefully redundant, gives every member greater autonomous power. Centralization limits its members' powers, reducing them to mere cogs in the machine.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782192-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-030
text: The Maghribi traders built a sophisticated decentralized trade network using the information technology of their era plus reputation, and later farmers used dynamic governance designs to create the most powerful decentralized organization in history.
claim type: empirical
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: historical decentralized trade and cooperative organizations
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782192-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The Ma- ghribis built a sophisticated decentralized trade network using WWth century infor- mation technology, and reputation. Wcth century farmers used dynamic governance designs to create the most powerful decentralized organization in history.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782192-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-031
text: Western democracies still run on structures developed decades or centuries ago and have no formal interaction with the new data stream produced by modern information technology.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: contemporary Western democracies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3782192-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Western democracies are still using the structures developed decades or centuries ago, and lack any formal interaction with this new data stream.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782192-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-037
text: The autonomous element of a DAO comes from its governance system being programmed through smart contracts, which makes a DAO ultimately democratic rather than relying on a benevolent dictator to correct course during black swan events.
claim type: definitional
topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: decentralized autonomous organizations governed by smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3782192-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The autonomous aspect of a DAO stems from its programmed governance system through smart contracts. A DAO is ultimately democratic, instead of having a benev- olent dictator behind the scenes to efficiently correct course during black swan events.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782192-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-038
text: Decentralized money and decentralized contracts have been built, but decentralized business will not work until roughly eight further decentralized institutions that people actually use in business are built.
claim type: condition
topics: tokenomics
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized commerce built on blockchain infrastructure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3782192-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Two important tools have been built, decentralized money (Bitcoin) and decentral- ized contracts (Ethereum). But it won't work until eight more decentralized institu- tions are built that people use to do business.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782192-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782192-039
text: Money and contracts are worthless in business with counterparties who cannot be trusted to keep a bargain, so decentralized commerce requires a system in which reputation means something.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: decentralized business among parties without prior trust
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3782192-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Money and contracts are worthless in business with barbarians who can't be trusted to keep a bargain. To do business, we need a system where reputation means something.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-007
text: The unstoppable power of decentralization is threatened by unregulated competition for profits, but it can be maintained even in extreme circumstances by a secure and meaningful reputational system.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: decentralized organizations exposed to profit competition
scope conditions: requires the reputation system to be secure and meaningful
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3782193-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The "unstoppable power of decentralization" is threatened by unregulated competition for profits, but can be maintained in the most extreme circumstances by a secure and meaningful reputa- tional system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-008
text: Modern Western democracies, which the authors treat as the largest DAOs ever assembled, show that a network whose members hold diverse values can be united by protocol centralization, and that the destabilizing effect of that protocol centralization can be ameliorated by power decentralization through dynamic governance design.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: networks uniting members with diverse values
scope conditions: requires dynamic design of governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3782193-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Analyzing modern Western democracies, the largest DAOs ever as- sembled, shows networks of members with diverse values can be united with proto- col centralization, and its destabilizing effect can be ameliorated by power- decentralization through dynamic design of governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-018
text: The centralized hierarchy built by the Chinese Communist Revolution was extremely successful at the military goal it was designed for, but once the military threat was gone it failed completely at solving other important problems, producing catastrophic reforms such as the Cultural Revolution and the Great Leap Forward.
claim type: empirical
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: China from 1949 until Mao Zedong's death in 1976
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3782193-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This centralized hierarchy was extremely successful at the military goal it was designed for, but completely failed at solving other important problems once the military threat was gone.
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id: kaal:claim:3782193-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-019
text: The lesson the authors draw from Imperial China and Pharaonic Egypt is that decentralization of power and individual autonomy give long-term stability when the society also has unifying ideals it can believe in.
claim type: normative
topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: requires unifying ideals the society believes in
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attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3782193-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The lesson of Im- perial China, and Pharaonic Egypt before it, is that decentralization of power, individ- ual autonomy, gives long-term stability when there are unifying ideals that the society can believe in.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-030
text: The strong trust that sustained Maghribi trade, in which embezzlement was rare despite extreme information asymmetry, cannot be explained by a strong centralized government, since the Maghribis could not form a centralized legal or political hierarchy and the official legal channels were slow and unreliable.
claim type: empirical
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: disclosure
topics: reputation
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: compliance
scope conditions: Maghribi Jewish traders around 1000 AD under the Fatimid caliphate
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 63

id: kaal:claim:3782193-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In point of fact, the records show that such embezzlement was rare. Instead, a strong sense of trust pervaded. So what mechanism protected the principals from their agents' asymmetric information? The answer was not a strong centralized gov- ernment.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-031
text: Honesty would be the wrong strategy for an agent if the contract were anonymous and its resolution did not affect future contracts, because that situation is a single-stage zero-sum game in which stealing all the entrusted wealth is optimal.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: reputation
scope conditions: anonymous contracting
scope conditions: no effect of the outcome on future business
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attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 63

id: kaal:claim:3782193-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Honesty would be a bad strategy for the agent if the contract was anonymous and the resolution didn't affect future contracts.
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id: kaal:claim:3782193-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-032
text: Adding reputation to the contracting game converts it from a single-stage zero-sum game into a repeated positive-sum game in which the rest of the community becomes relevant, because reputation is a future-oriented commodity that pays off with the promise of future contracts.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: networks where reputation is observable and policed by the community
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3782193-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By adding reputation to the game, it becomes a repeated game, and the rest of the community becomes relevant. Reputation is a future-oriented commodity, which pays off profits with the promise of future contracts. Now the game is a repeated game which is positive-sum.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-033
text: Reputation permits business with any member of a network regardless of personal acquaintance, but only if the network is closed and its size is limited by the ability to police reputation with the available information technology.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation-based networks
scope conditions: network must be closed
scope conditions: size bounded by available information technology
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3782193-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, reputation allows business dealings with any member of the network, regard- less of personal acquaintance. This requires the network to be closed, however, with a size limited by the ability to police reputation using the information technology available.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-034
text: Focusing rewards on reputation rather than on immediately fungible cash encourages decentralized organization because it disperses power fairly: anyone with equivalent talent is equally acceptable, those already employed are unavailable, and the exponential rich-get-richer concentration of power is diminished.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: networks that reward members with reputation rather than immediate cash
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3782193-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Finally, a focus on reputation instead of immediately fungible cash rewards encour- ages decentralized organization because it disperses power, and it does so fairly.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782193-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782193-039
text: The authors stipulate that functioning democracies are decentralized autonomous organizations: the United States government is a DAO, as are Norway, Mauritius, Uruguay, and South Korea, and every functioning democracy is more akin to a DAO than to a centralized corporation.
claim type: definitional
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: functioning democracies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3782193-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The United States government is a decentralized organization, a DAO. Norway is a DAO—the best DAO according to the democracy index.38 Mauritius, Uruguay, and South Korea are also DAOs. Every functioning democracy is more akin to a DAO than to a centralized corporation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-004
text: Rating systems on centralized marketplaces are actively gamed: new Amazon sellers are solicited by sock puppet operators offering to inflate their ratings and attack competitors.
claim type: empirical
topics: reputation
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: observed on major centralized e-commerce platforms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3782198-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For example, one of the first things that will hap- pen if you open a shop on Amazon is that you will receive several messages from ma- licious sock-puppet wranglers offering to game the rating system to improve your company's ratings while attacking your major competitor.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-005
text: Social networks grow exponentially more powerful through the network effect, but they are stifled by the centralized ownership and governance of the Web 2.0 companies that run them; governing decentralized information flow requires decentralized incentive designs.
claim type: condition
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies to networks whose value comes from member interaction
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3782198-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But these networks are stifled by the centralized ownership and governance of the Web ).5 companies that run them. Governing decentralized information flow ne- cessitates decentralized incentive designs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-007
text: If a peer to peer network were decentrally owned by its users, its algorithms could be open source and still remain safe, because the network could reward members for policing exploitation instead of relying on a centralized company to keep the algorithm opaque.
claim type: design
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: requires an incentive design that rewards members for defending the algorithm they own
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3782198-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: if the P)P network were decentrally owned by the users them- selves, the algorithms can be open source and still remain safe.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-014
text: A truly decentralized organization requires that its rules be transparently available to all members; otherwise the keepers of the knowledge acquire higher status and a hierarchy forms.
claim type: condition
topics: disclosure
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies to organizations that claim to be decentralized
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3782198-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In order to have a truly decentralized organization, the rules must be transpar- ently available to all members. Otherwise the keepers of the knowledge have a higher status, creating a hierarchy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-020
text: The goal of the Web3 movement is to foster radical bureaucratic transparency through open source design, to advance individual autonomy and privacy through cryptography, and to level access to information and computing resources through decentralized networks.
claim type: definitional
topics: disclosure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3782198-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The goal of the WebG movement is to foster radical bureaucratic transparency using open source design, to further individual au- tonomy and privacy using cryptography, and to level the access to information and computing resources with decentralized networks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-024
text: Bitcoin proved that a decentralized peer to peer network can manage valuable assets without a central authority, but the centralizing force of competition concentrated power anyway, as economies of scale produced large mining farms in place of millions of individual members maintaining the ledger.
claim type: failure
topics: tokenomics
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: applies to proof of work networks where mining rewards create economies of scale
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3782198-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But the centralizing forces of competition led to concentration of power in the Bitcoin network, as econo- mies of scale led to large computer farms devoted to mining for bitcoins, instead of millions of individual network members maintaining the ledger on their laptops.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-025
text: Bitcoin and Ethereum have no formal binding governance framework declaring how consensus protocols may be changed in the future, which the authors identify as a deep flaw that weakens the networks and will lead to instability.
claim type: failure
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: applies to major blockchains lacking on chain governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3782198-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In Bitcoin and Ethereum, there is no formal binding governance framework de- claring how the protocols for consensus might be changed in the future. This is a deep flaw which weakens these networks and will lead to instability.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-028
text: Hash functions let a leaderless network reach consensus on identity and ordering, because every node independently hashes a transaction's data and deterministically arrives at the same unique identifier that everyone recognizes.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: tokenomics
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: requires all nodes to run the same deterministic hash protocol
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3782198-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Thanks to the hash function, every node in the network hashes the transaction's data and independently arrives at the same an- swer, giving the transaction a unique ID that everyone recognizes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-035
text: Anonymity can exacerbate second and third order discrimination because it makes such discrimination more difficult to detect, so other governance mechanisms in a decentralized organization must be used to combat it.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies where members infer protected characteristics from behavior, and to systemic discrimination
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3782198-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In fact, anonymity can exacerbate )nd and Grd-order effects, as it makes it more difficult to detect. To combat such effects, different mechanisms in the governance of a decentralized organization must be employed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782198-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-037
text: Anonymity should be balanced rather than absolute: a member's power to broadcast should be tied to a pseudonymous account carrying meaningful and valuable reputation that is lost when the broadcasting power is abused.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies to decentralized networks that permit anonymous participation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782198-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Therefore, anonymity should be balanced. Your power to broadcast your voice should be tempered by hav- ing that voice tied with a pseudonymous36 account with meaningful and valuable rep- utation. If you abuse your broadcasting power, then you should lose your reputation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-002
text: Effective decentralized DAO governance necessitates reputation verification systems.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:3782201-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We believe that effective decentralized DAO governance necessitates reputation verification systems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-003
text: A DAO that is internally well governed by a reputation verification engine lets other entities clone its governance for their own purposes and run with the same governance metrics, so mastery of internal decentralization becomes transplantable infrastructure governance.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: applies to IoT infrastructure entities seeking governance and interoperability
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782201-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DAOs that are internally well-governed by a reputation verification engine allow other IoT infrastructure entities to simply clone the DAO governance for their own purposes and run a DAO with the same gov- ernance metrics.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-004
text: Self policing is more effective when the members themselves hold the power, because a centralized hierarchy in which each member holds distinct powers and responsibilities is more prone to structural corruption.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: where members hold the best domain knowledge about their own processes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:3782201-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The power of decentralization is individual autonomy. Self-policing their own members is more effective when the members have the power, unlike a centralized hierarchy which is more prone to structural corruption when each member holds distinct powers and responsibilities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-007
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-007
text: Code based trust in decentralized applications lowers transaction costs and simultaneously raises consumer and market confidence and certainty, which facilitates economies of scale that are only occasionally and temporarily possible in centralized structures.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: reputation
scope conditions: holds despite the cybersecurity issues associated with cryptocurrencies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3782201-007:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: code-based trust can help lower trans- action costs, but it also increases consumer and overall market confidence and cer- tainty, which facilitate economies of scale that are only occasionally and temporarily possible in centralized structures.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-009
text: Keeping a decentralized organization aligned in pursuit of its goals requires providing something more valuable than money, namely reputation, following the Maghribi traders' example.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: politically decentralized networks devoted to profit
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3782201-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In order to keep a decentralized organization aligned in the pursuit of their goals, you must provide something more valuable than money: reputation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-010
text: Centralized authorities have a long record of using crises to justify the introduction of monitoring tools that outlast their original purpose.
claim type: empirical
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3782201-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: centralized authorities have a long rec- ord of using crises to justify the introduction of monitoring tools that outlast their original purpose.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-023
text: The re entrancy programming bug was not the 2016 DAO's most serious problem; the system would eventually have failed more spectacularly because it was designed poorly on other levels.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: smart-contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3782201-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But that technical design flaw was not its most serious problem. The system would have eventually failed more spectacularly, because it was designed poorly on other levels.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-025
text: New DAO proposals appear almost quarterly in the 2020s and most fail because of a lack of decentralized governance solutions.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3782201-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: New DAO proposals appear almost quarterly in the RWRWs. Most fail because of a lack of decentralized governance solutions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-026
text: Aragon's refusal to use its own protocol to arbitrate an internal dispute is testimony to the lack of trust its own system designers place in their system's capabilities, and its reputation and legislative and judicial governance protocols remain trivial.
claim type: empirical
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: systemic-risk
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 67

id: kaal:claim:3782201-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In RWRW, Aragon declined to use their own protocol to arbitrate an internal dispute, which is testimony to the lack of trust of their system designers in their own system capabilities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782201-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782201-027
text: Because DAO performance assessment is based on optimizing fungible token value rather than on hierarchical or political processes, the focus on token value enhancement can lead to short termism and may cause ethical and governance issues to be ignored.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: DAO designs inheriting the path dependencies of the 2016 DAO
scope conditions: fungible token based membership
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3782201-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Yet, the focus on the value en- hancement of fungible tokens can lead to short-termism and may ignore ethical and governance issues.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-001
text: Any set process or set of rules that can ever be designed will ultimately fail to secure a network for all time, so no static rule set can serve as the permanent foundation of a DAO.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized networks
scope conditions: open global membership
scope conditions: anonymous participation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 41

id: kaal:claim:3782203-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A core precept for the creation of DAOs is the recognition that any set process or set of rules that can ever be designed will ultimately fail to secure a network for all time.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-002
text: Building effective and efficient DAOs requires three things together: a secure and meaningful reputation system, maximum bureaucratic transparency through a dynamic governance structure, and coherent transcendental values for long-term stability.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: reputation
topics: disclosure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAOs with open membership to anonymous individuals worldwide
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782203-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In this chapter we argue that building effective and efficient DAOs requires a secure and meaningful reputation system, maximum bureaucratic transparency through a dynamic govern- ance structure, and coherent transcendental values for long-term stability.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-004
text: Protocol centralization, meaning rigid and immediately enforced rules such as those executed by smart contracts, leads to instability unless it is implemented wisely.
claim type: failure
topics: decentralization
topics: smart-contracts
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: smart contract enforced protocols
scope conditions: politically decentralized networks
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3782203-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, protocol centralization leads to instability if it is not implemented wisely.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-010
text: Because a group sometimes genuinely has no consensus to be discovered, network forking is at times inevitable rather than a governance failure that better rules could prevent.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: cyclic or irreconcilable group preferences
scope conditions: decentralized networks whose members can exit
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3782203-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, that is a major problem for democracy. Sometimes there is no consensus to be had. This leads to the second conclusion that sometimes network forking is inevitable.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-013
text: Across all the alternative polling methods explored in the literature, changes both help and hurt: new approaches solve old problems while creating new opportunities for manipulation, a pattern the authors identify with increasing the attack surface.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: alternative voting and polling mechanisms
scope conditions: continuous or weighted voting technologies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3782203-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In all the methods dis- cussed the answer has always been that changes both help and hurt. New approaches solve old problems, but they create new opportunities for manipulation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-028
text: Since no algorithm can be perfectly secure in all circumstances, protocol developers should redirect effort from proving algorithms correct to building a governance process that updates the algorithm as network circumstances change, rewarding protocol improvement with meaningful reputation instead of leaving attack as the profitable option.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: proof of stake and other consensus protocols
scope conditions: networks facing evolving adversaries
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 71

id: kaal:claim:3782203-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Given the impossibility of creating an algorithm that will be perfectly secure in all circumstances, we should instead focus on developing a governance process that al- lows us to update our algorithm to adapt to the changing network circumstances to the security level required
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-032
text: Cooperation is sustained only when the promise of future profits outweighs the present value of defecting, so a discount factor that is too low, or a game known to be ending soon, makes defection the rational choice.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: repeated games with end periods
scope conditions: impatient players or high discounting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3782203-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Therefore, the promise of future profits must outweigh the present value to en- sure cooperation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-033
text: Anonymity increases rather than decreases the value of reputation tokens, because when potential business partners have less knowledge of a counterparty's identity, the number of reputation tokens held becomes the more important signal.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: anonymous or pseudonymous networks
scope conditions: incomplete information about counterparties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3782203-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: When potential business partners have less knowledge of your identity, the knowledge from the number of reputation tokens you hold becomes more important.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-034
text: The deterrent power of reputation tokens grows with network size, because the loss of opportunity from having reputation slashed increases as the network gets larger.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: open global networks
scope conditions: digital reputation tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3782203-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Another advantage to digital tokens in open global networks is that the loss of opportunity from having your reputation slashed grows as the size of the network in- creases.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782203-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-036
text: Paying contributors in reputation tokens rather than fees, and then distributing all fees as a periodic reputation weighted salary, defeats the sockpuppet attack because splitting a holding across many accounts yields exactly the same share of fees.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: dao
topics: tokenomics
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: anonymous DAOs with multiple accounts per member
scope conditions: all DAO fees pooled and shared
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 76

id: kaal:claim:3782203-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A periodic reputation-weighted salary will distribute all fees the DAO earns to all members. Individuals who perform tasks that bring fees to the DAO will be rewarded with reputation tokens, not the fees. Members who own more reputation tokens share in a larger percentage of the fees.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-004
text: A DAO will not be a genuinely profitable addition to the economy until decentralized versions of the legal system, the political system, the media, banking, and other services exist to support it.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: institutional-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: profit-seeking DAOs competing in the contemporary economy
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3782205-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The legal system, the political system, the media, banking, and other services are all needed before the first DAO will be a genuinely profitable addition to our economy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-008
text: Keeping decentralized networks running productively requires a dynamic design with checks and balances combined with the incentive design insights of game theory.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: applies to decentralized networks intended to operate over time
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3782205-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A dynamic design with checks and balances and the incentive design insights of game theory are necessary to keep these networks running productively.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-009
text: The governance architecture designed for one decentralized institution can be ported to many other DAOs with only superficial changes, so institutional design effort is reusable across the ecosystem.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3782205-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The archi- tecture guiding one institution can be reasonably ported to many other DAOs with superficial changes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-021
text: Reputation rather than money is the proper motivator of good behavior in business and governance, because properly accounting for reputation switches incentives from short-term zero-sum thinking to long-term positive-sum behavior.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: requires a secure and meaningful system for accounting reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782205-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This is the proper goal, instead of money, for motivating good behavior in business and governance. Properly accounting for reputation switches the incentives from short-term zero-sum thinking to long-term positive-sum behavior.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-022
text: Without a secure and meaningful reputation system, none of the other aspects of the decentralized economy will be effective, which makes reputation a precondition for the rest.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3782205-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without building a secure and meaningful reputational system, none of the other aspects of the decen- tralized economy will be effective.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-024
text: A sophisticated governance system is required for a decentralized organization to adjust effectively to market changes and to maintain stability.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
topics: dao
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3782205-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A sophisticated system of governance is required to effectively adjust to market changes and to main- tain stability.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-025
text: Decentralized governance design must address all three branches: executive governance as automated policing, legislative governance as non-automated protocol development, and judicial governance as both automated and non-automated dispute resolution.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: systemic-risk
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: open-source-and-code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3782205-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Executive (automated policing), legislative (non-automated protocol de- velopment), and judicial (both automated and non-automated dispute resolution) governance must be considered.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-026
text: Reputation and governance are the two most important institutions missing from the decentralized economy, and once they are solved the remaining missing pieces are relatively easy to supply.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782205-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation and governance are the two most important institutions that are lack- ing in the decentralized economy. They occupy the majority of our concern for the remainder of the book. Once they are solved, the rest of the missing pieces are rela- tively easy to supply.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-035
text: A fully decentralized structure with proper governance could solve the abuses that pervade the gig economy.
claim type: predictive
topics: economics
topics: governance-design
topics: dao
scope conditions: requires proper governance design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: speculative
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3782205-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The gig economy is rife with horror stories, but a fully decentralized structure with proper governance could solve such problems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782205-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782205-036
text: News services acting as oracles and information repositories must themselves be decentralized if the decentralized economy is to have a trustworthy information layer.
claim type: design
topics: smart-contracts
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3782205-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: News services (oracles) and information repositories need to be decentralized.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-008
text: A Web of Trust style reputation ledger, in which each party rates each transaction and reputation is summed with weightings by rater reputation, will have all of its value drained by the sockpuppet attack, because an attacker can build reputation through transactions between their own fake accounts and then use it to cheat.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: open networks that permit account creation
scope conditions: self-reported transaction ratings
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3782210-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unfortunately, the sockpuppet attack will suck all value from the network. Setting up fake accounts, an attacker can build their reputation by making transactions be- tween their own accounts. Once their reputation is sufficiently large to trick a mem- ber, they can use it to cheat the system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-011
text: The Web of Trust works acceptably for low-value information transmission but should not be used for transactions involving larger wealth in the general economy, which is part of why the scheme it originated in is called pretty good privacy rather than good privacy.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: high value economic transactions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3782210-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It works well for low-value infor- mation transmission, but it should not be used for transactions involving larger wealth in the general economy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-025
text: Sockpuppet attacks are inevitable in any organization that wants open membership and anonymous members, and since those properties are essential to the autonomy that makes a global decentralized organization efficient, reputation must be weighted every time it is used.
claim type: condition
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: open membership
scope conditions: anonymous or pseudonymous members
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782210-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Sockpuppet attacks are inevitable if you want the membership to be open and to allow anonymous members. These properties are essential for fostering the individual autonomy that makes a global decentralized organization efficient and powerful.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-026
text: Every single reputational implementation the authors have audited in the blockchain DAO space carries the flaw of vulnerability to the sockpuppet attack on the Web of Trust model.
claim type: empirical
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: compliance
topics: dao
topics: blockchain
topics: reputation
scope conditions: blockchain DAO reputation systems audited by the authors as of writing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:3782210-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This is the flaw in every single reputational implementation we've audited in the blockchain DAO
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-027
text: SingularityNet's reputation system, which tracks self-reported transaction quality, transaction value, duration of satisfaction, and prior reputation weights, will have its value eroded by the sockpuppet attack once the system becomes valuable enough to merit attack, because it does not implement the other necessities.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
topics: compliance
scope conditions: systems implementing only a subset of the seven necessities
scope conditions: once the reputation becomes valuable enough to merit attack
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3782210-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without implementing the other necessities, the sockpuppet attack will eventually erode their value, once it becomes valuable enough to merit the attack.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-028
text: With the balanced staking and fee-sharing necessities implemented, the cost of faking reputation is at an absolute minimum double the value of that reputation, which is how reputation is made more valuable than money.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: both the balanced staking necessity and the shared salary necessity are implemented
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3782210-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: With #e and #j implemented, the cost of faking your reputation is (at an absolute minimum) double the value of the reputation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-029
text: Concentration of power is the greatest threat to any decentralized organization, because a single member or sub-coalition that gains a majority of power in an inherently democratic organization will eventually control it no matter what safeguards are in place, at which point the organization is no longer decentralized.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: democratic decentralized organizations
scope conditions: especially profit-devoted and therefore competitive ones
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782210-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The idea is that if a single member, or even a sub-coalition, gains j\% of the power in an inherently dem- ocratic organization, they will eventually control it, no matter what the safeguards are.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-035
text: Reputation-based governance faces a chicken and egg problem: voting becomes more efficient once reputation is valuable, but reputation cannot become valuable without meaningful voting.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
topics: reputation
scope conditions: bootstrapping a reputation system on existing infrastructure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3782210-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This is another chicken and egg problem. Voting will be more efficient with valu- able reputation. Reputation can't be valuable without meaningful voting.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-036
text: A meaningful reputational system with the potential for retrospective review would let a network rely on fewer nodes, since randomly selected nodes staking their reputation can do the polling work and be reviewed and punished later, which is one reason proof of stake is more efficient than proof of work.
claim type: design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
scope conditions: consensus is near unanimous nearly all the time
scope conditions: Byzantine behavior is detectable on later review
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782210-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But if we had a meaningful reputa- tional system with the potential for review, we could rely on fewer nodes. This mech- anism is one reason proof of stake is more efficient than proof of work.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782210-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782210-040
text: The Maghribi traders show that reputation alone can sustain a decentralized network under extreme information asymmetry: using only handwritten letters, Jewish merchants built a reputational system spanning the Silk Road in which nothing but the promise of better reputation deterred agents from cheating.
claim type: empirical
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: reputation
scope conditions: historical trading networks with communication latency on the order of months
scope conditions: agents with complete control of assets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:3782210-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Nothing incentivized the agents from cheating except the promise of building better reputation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-001
text: Reputation changes the incentive structure of a decentralized organization from a single stage, zero sum game into a repeated positive sum game, which is why the authors treat reputation as the key to effective decentralized governance.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: economics
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: the reputation system is formally linked to the organization's profits
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 60

id: kaal:claim:3782214-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation changes the incentive structure from a single-stage, zero-sum game to a repeated positive-sum game.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-024
text: Reputation can be objectively valued by estimating the probability of future business deals, taking the expected value of that probability, and computing the present value of those deals, which is what makes reputation function as a promise of future rewards.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: reputation is tied to a stream of future business opportunities
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3782214-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation gives the promise of future rewards. Reputation can be objectively valued, by estimating the probability of future business deals, taking the expected value of that probability, and calculating the present value of those business deals.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-025
text: No centralized platform such as Amazon or eBay has been able to create meaningful and secure online reputation, because central ownership and control prevent them from giving members the power and incentives needed to police their own reputation.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: centrally owned and controlled platforms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782214-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: No centralized platform, such as Amazon or eBay, has been able to create mean- ingful and secure online reputation. Because they are centrally owned and controlled they cannot give members the power and incentives they need to police their own reputation,
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-026
text: The alternatives to a reputational system for countering profit driven instability, namely external stabilizing forces such as governmental fiat and rapidly expanding profit opportunities, are inadequate because expansion driven stability lasts only as long as the expansion does.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: organizations destabilized by profit competition
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3782214-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Alternatives to reputational systems for countering the instability generated by profit competition include external stabilizing forces (such as governmental fiat) or rapidly expanding profit opportunities (which will only stabilize a group until the ex- pansion stops).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-027
text: The two sources of instability require different remedies and must not be swapped: dynamic rules are a mismatch for instability caused by the profit motive, and a reputational system is not an efficient method for attenuating instability caused by a group's diverse values.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3782214-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Trying to institute dynamic rules to attenuate the instability due to a for-profit motive is a mismatch. Similarly instituting a reputational system is not an efficient method for attenuating the instability due to a group's diverse values.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-029
text: If unanimous consensus is strongly incentivized in every validation pool, a DAO will degenerate quickly, because members holding minority opinions will not raise alternatives for fear of losing all their reputation tokens; this is why loosely coupled votes are needed.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: contentious protocol development
scope conditions: validation pools that penalize minority positions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3782214-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If unanimous consen- sus is strongly incentivized by every validation pool, our DAOs will degenerate quickly, as alternative options will not be raised by members with minority opinions for fear they will lose all reputation tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-030
text: Loosely coupled voting, in which staked reputation cannot be lost, encourages dissenting opinions, while tightly coupled voting, in which losing stakes are redistributed, guarantees consensus; a DAO steers deliberation by moving between the two.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: reputation weighted validation pools
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:3782214-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Loosely-coupled voting encourages dissenting opinions. Tightly-coupled voting guarantees consensus.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-036
text: Equal distribution of output, where every member receives an equal share regardless of contribution, is impossible to maintain under current technology in a system with open access and privacy, because sockpuppet accounts would be abused.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: open access membership
scope conditions: privacy or pseudonymity preserved
scope conditions: current identity technology
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782214-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This is impossible to maintain under the current technology with open access and privacy, since sockpuppet accounts would be abused. Improvements in ZK proofs and identity protocols, however, will soon make it possible to efficiently and securely com- bat such sockpuppet attacks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-039
text: Because major social media platforms are privately and centrally owned, their governance processes and reputation distribution algorithms are necessarily opaque, since their users' incentives are not aligned to police reputation against gaming.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: disclosure
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: privately owned centralized platforms
scope conditions: users hold no financial stake in the system
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782214-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Since Stack Overflow and Reddit and Facebook and Twitter and all the other successful social media sites are privately, centrally owned, their governance processes—their algorithms for distributing reputation—are necessarily opaque.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782214-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782214-040
text: Against Eric Raymond's argument that love does not scale, the authors hold that reputation does: weighted democracy, properly measured and aggregated, can scale from valuing local expertise to valuing expertise on global issues.
claim type: normative
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation valuations across DAOs reach equilibrium through market freedom
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3782214-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Love doesn't scale, but reputation does. Weighted democracy, properly meas- ured and aggregated, can scale from valuating expertise on a local level to expertise on global issues.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-001
text: The decentralized economy cannot fully proliferate until it acquires the institutions ordinary commerce depends on, above all a secure and meaningful reputation system for anonymous supranational partners and an effective, dynamic governance system.
claim type: condition
topics: defi
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: the decentralized economy as of the early 2020s
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:3782216-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the decentralized economy is missing the major institutions that our society relies on to conduct profitable business, especially a secure and meaningful system for evaluating reputation for anonymous supranational partners, and an effective and dynamic governance system
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-006
text: Maintaining consensus without a central authority forces a reputation system to verify members' votes extremely redundantly, which imposes serious computational overhead.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized networks with no central authority
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3782216-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In order to maintain consensus in a decentralized network, with no central authority to check in with, a reputational system needs to verify each others' votes extremely redundantly, which leads to serious overhead costs in computation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-008
text: Liquidity has always been a problem on decentralized exchanges because meaningful history and reputation cannot form where there is little or no governance structure, no insurance, no appeals process and no reputable decentralized news service.
claim type: failure
topics: defi
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3782216-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But liquidity has always been a problem in decentralized exchanges, as meaning- ful history and reputation are difficult to achieve when there is little to no governance structure, no insurance, no appeals process, and no reputable decentralized news ser- vice
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-014
text: Reputation must be grounded to be meaningful, so reputation tokens should be minted only when policy premia enter the group, reputation should dictate power, and fees should be shared through reputation weighted salaries.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
topics: defi
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: design for an Underwriting DAO
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 65

id: kaal:claim:3782216-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation needs to be grounded to be meaningful, so reputation tokens should only be minted when fees (policy premia) enter the group. Reputation should dictate power in the group. So, reputation should determine how the fees are shared, through reputation-weighted salaries.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-015
text: Because underwriting mints new reputation tokens, passive holders see their proportional ownership in the DAO fall over time, which is designed to incentivize agents to underwrite actively while still allowing passive investors to earn income.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: defi
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: Underwriting DAO that rewards underwriting with newly minted tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3782216-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Thus, the total number of tokens grows over time. This implies that "passive" agents who hold the tokens purely to receive a share of future premia will find their proportional ownership in the DAO decrease over time.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-016
text: Underwriters encumber reputation tokens against each policy under a preset formula, and if the insured event occurs they lose control of those tokens, which are auctioned to meet the claim, with new tokens minted and sold if the auction falls short.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: defi
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: Underwriting DAO design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782216-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In case the insured event were to occur during the life of the policy, the agents who underwrote the policy would lose control of their encumbered tokens, which would be sold at auction to meet the claim.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-017
text: In the Underwriting DAO a breach occurs only when the market values the encumbered reputation tokens at less than the payout, which requires minting additional tokens to meet the claim.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: defi
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: Underwriting DAO with encumbered reputation tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3782216-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We would consider the need to mint more reputation tokens to meet a policy claim to be a breach. Under what circumstances would a breach occur? It would occur only if the market values the encumbered reputation tokens as less than the payout.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-018
text: From the viewpoint of consumers and regulators, encumbered reputation tokens serve as a substitute for capital, because they derive their value from the DAO's future cash flows.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: defi
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: Underwriting DAO whose tokens are claims on future cash flows
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782216-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The key point is this: from the viewpoint of consumers and regulators, the encumbered tokens (which as we know derive their value from the DAO's future cash flows) essentially serve as a substitute for capital.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-037
text: Once secure and meaningful reputation is incorporated into Web3, the collateral imbalance will reverse, and because reputation tokens are more meaningful than identity and easier to value, less collateralization will be required than in traditional protocols.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: defi
scope conditions: requires a coherent system that securely tracks the value of a reputation token
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782216-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, once secure and meaningful reputation is incorporated into the WebT environment, this imbalance will be reversed. Since reputation tokens are more mean- ingful than identity, and much easier to valuate, even less collateralization will be re- quired than traditional protocols
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782216-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782216-040
text: The decentralized economy still lacks trustworthy open source decentralized institutions for recording and parsing history, reporting news and guiding attention, without which the average person cannot judge which networks to join or what to invest in.
claim type: condition
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3782216-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We need trustworthy open source decentralized institutions for recording and parsing history, for investigating and reporting the news, for guiding our attention to the future.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-001
text: Market liquidity depends on trustworthiness, and trustworthiness depends on observed momentum: isolated instances of motion are insufficient, because the observations must be collected into a history before they carry weight and meaning.
claim type: mechanism
topics: defi
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: marketplaces seeking liquidity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:3782217-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To achieve liquidity, marketplaces must be trustworthy. They need momen- tum. It's not enough to achieve motion in any particular instance. Momentum must be observed to give trust to the marketplace. These observations need to be collected in a history to give them weight and meaning.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-002
text: Governance in a decentralized organization depends on meaningful reputation, and the meaning of any reputation is determined by its history and by how that history is analyzed and presented, which makes historiography a governance variable rather than a neutral record.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized organizations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:3782217-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Governance relies on meaningful reputation to de- cide who or what to focus on. The meaning of reputation is determined by its history and how that history is analyzed and presented.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-011
text: In the SchellingCoin approach to oracle design, members stake reputation tokens on their answer to the question a DApp is asking and are rewarded according to how close they came to the resulting median value, which functions as the game theoretic Schelling point.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: smart-contracts
topics: reputation
scope conditions: questions with a verifiable focal answer
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3782217-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The idea is to have your Oracle DAO members stake their reputation tokens on their answer to a question a DApp is asking. Then you reward those closer to the resulting median value
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-012
text: The protocols governing how a particular oracle question is answered should be set by the subject matter experts themselves rather than by a static centralized hierarchy, because the experts know best how their own system can be gamed and how to prevent that gaming to protect their hard earned reputation.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: smart-contracts
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: reputation
scope conditions: domain specific oracle questions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3782217-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Giving the experts, them- selves, control of their own organization is better than relying on a static centralized hierarchy. The experts know best how to game their own system, and how to prevent gaming to protect their hard-earned reputation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-013
text: Robust decentralized oracles do not yet exist despite well funded proposals, because decentralized oracles are themselves DAOs and therefore inherit the same missing incentive structure, governance processes, and history that all DAOs suffer from.
claim type: failure
topics: smart-contracts
topics: dao
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: state of the technology at the time of writing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3782217-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Put simply, decentralized oracles are DAOs, so they still lack the proper incentive structure and governance processes and history that all DAOs suffer from.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-028
text: Reputation in a news DAO must be anchored in fungible currency: new reputation should be minted only when articles connect to profitable endeavors such as advertising, paid analyses, or protocols relied upon for decentralized business contracts.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: dao
scope conditions: news DAOs building meaningful reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3782217-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: articles must have a foun- dational meaning in fungible currency. New reputation should only be minted when the articles are connected to profitable endeavors—advertising, paid analyses, new protocols that are relied upon for decentralized business contracts.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-029
text: Reviewers in a news review DAO will give honest reviews despite being paid fees, because the reputational system rewards members mostly on the basis of future fees rather than present ones.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: reputation systems weighted toward future fee streams
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3782217-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reviewers will be incentivized to give honest reviews despite fees, because the reputational system rewards members mostly based on future fees.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-030
text: Tracking and aggregating reputations across DAOs can build a more accurate picture of a person's expertise and experiential gaps than traditional educational institutions provide, which would quickly reveal meaningless certification and licensure programs as worthless.
claim type: predictive
topics: education-and-practice
topics: reputation
scope conditions: reputation systems anchored in profitable endeavor
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3782217-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Tracking and aggregating our reputations in various DAOs can build a more accurate picture of our expertise and experiential gaps than our tra- ditional educational institutions have.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-031
text: Transparency in a decentralized network is not optional: every function needs to be publicly auditable for people to trust it, because without a central authority to approve code, unexpected malicious behavior can be built into any opaque code.
claim type: condition
topics: disclosure
topics: compliance
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: reputation
scope conditions: decentralized networks without a central approving authority
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3782217-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Transparency is crucial in a decentralized net- work. Every function needs to be publicly auditable for people to trust it. Without a central authority to approve it, unexpected malicious behavior can be built into any opaque code.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782217-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782217-036
text: Reviewing through references enables punishment and reward in DAOs, which shifts members' motivation away from immediate rewards toward the future and encourages delayed gratification and sacrifice for the good of the group.
claim type: mechanism
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:3782217-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: reviewing through references enables punishment and rewards in DAOs which changes the motivations of members from a focus on immediate rewards to the future, encouraging delayed gratification and sacrifice for the good of the group.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-001
text: Strong unifying values are the institution most essential to the long-term stability of a decentralized organization, and they demand continual reevaluation rather than one-time specification.
claim type: condition
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: decentralized organizations
scope conditions: long time horizons
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:3782220-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This final essential institution is the most important for long-term stability, and demands eternal reevaluation. Decentralized organizations require strong unifying values to remain coherent.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-002
text: Because a single global society is emerging in which everyone is densely interconnected, the more efficient and stable arrangement is power decentralization giving individuals and subgroup DAOs autonomous power, not a single power-centralized hierarchy controlling the whole.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: dao
scope conditions: globally interconnected society
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3782220-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the better, more efficient, more stable state of this global society is an organi- zation that is power decentralized, giving individuals and subgroup DAOs more auton- omous power to contribute to the health and wealth and happiness of all.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-015
text: Overhead institutions that protect or promote essentials should be governed and borne by the group, while those protecting nonessentials should be governed and borne privately, with each DAO deciding for itself what is essential to its function.
claim type: design
topics: institutional-design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: per DAO determination
scope conditions: democratic decision within the DAO's own system
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3782220-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Overhead institutions to protect or promote essentials should be governed and borne by the group, protecting and promoting non- essentials should be governed and borne privately. Each DAO must decide what is es- sential to its function;
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-017
text: Demand for insurance and reputation policing runs counter to prosperity: when the system runs well and everyone profits there is less need for insurance, and when profits fall and competition intensifies cheating becomes more attractive and more policing is needed.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: competitive market conditions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3782220-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If the system is running well and everyone is profiting, there is less need for insurance. When the profits decrease and the system becomes more competitive, cheating becomes more attractive, and more insurance and reputation policing is needed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-019
text: Where the line between public and private information falls is a function of a society's values, as the divergence between American, German, and Chinese practice shows.
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topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: cross-national comparison
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3782220-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The line between what is public information and private information is a function of a society's values.
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id: kaal:claim:3782220-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-024
text: Individual autonomy and group cohesion reinforce rather than substitute for each other: the network effect is achieved only when individuals subsume their freedom to act in concert with the group, and diminishing one quality diminishes the other.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: network organizations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3782220-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The network effect is only achieved when individuals subsume their freedom to act in concert with the group. Again, both individual autonomy and group cohesion need to be balanced to increase both qualities. Diminishing one diminishes the other.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-027
text: A long-term successful network requires a dynamic and responsive governance system that keeps the organization in the decentralized democratic realm and prevents it from moving to the next natural stage of centralized governance with a static hierarchy.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: long-term network survival
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3782220-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A long-term successful network requires a dynamic and responsive system of gov- ernance to keep the organization in the decentralized, democratic realm, and prevents it from moving to the next natural stage of centralized governance with a static hier- archy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-028
text: The drift into static power relationships is a universal temptation because centralization is efficient, yet centralized governance is provably flawed.
claim type: failure
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: organizations facing the choice between centralized and decentralized governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3782220-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: we must protect the group from falling into static power rela- tionships. The temptation is universal, because of the efficiency of centralization, but it is provably flawed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-038
text: The strength of a decentralized organization is measured by summing the power of each member in their individual autonomy, modified by the group's ability to organize and effect its goals in the larger society.
claim type: definitional
topics: decentralization
topics: research-methods
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
topics: dao
scope conditions: decentralized organizations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3782220-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The strength of a decentralized organization is measured by sum- ming the power of each member in their individual autonomy, but this is modified by the ability of the group to organize and effect its goals in the larger society.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3782220-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782220-039
text: Decentralized organizations demand more from their members and return more autonomous power and profit, whereas centralized organizations shelter members in a niche and limit and stultify their power in exchange for security.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3782220-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Decentralized organizations demand more from their members and return more, in autonomous power and profit. Centralized organizations shelter their members within a niche in a hierarchy. Centralized organizations limit the power of their mem- bers, stultifying them,
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-024
text: The DAO of DAOs uses a duality of internal and external governance: internal governance runs on reputation token staking, while external legal relationships are handled by a legal wrapper that represents the DAO of DAOs in real world legal contexts.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAO of DAOs architecture
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:3799320-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For the external legal relationships and governance, the DAO of DAOs is represented in real-world legal contexts by a legal wrapper.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-028
text: Reputation based staking removes the corruptive elements of fungible tokens because third parties are less likely able to take over a non fungible asset such as reputation that is organically grown and maintained through actual expertise in the relevant subject matter.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: reputation staked as a non fungible asset
scope conditions: reputation earned through subject matter expertise
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 77

id: kaal:claim:3799320-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The corruptive elements of fungible assets/tokens are removed because third parties are less likely able to take over a non-fungible asset, such as reputation, that is organically grown and maintained through actual expertise in a given DAO subject matter.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-029
text: Reputation voting has two advantages over one token one vote: it is non fungible, which avoids corruptive elements, and it aligns incentives for members individually and for the institution as a whole at the same time.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
scope conditions: DAO of DAOs internal governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 78

id: kaal:claim:3799320-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 1) it is non-fungible which avoids corruptive elements, and 2) it optimally aligns incentives for DAO of DAOs members individually and at the same time aligns their incentives for the totality of the DAO of DAOs as an institution.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-030
text: In the bifurcated DAO of DAOs token design, non fungible reputation tokens give members voting rights while fungible reputation salary tokens let members earn a salary in proportion to their non fungible reputation holdings.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAO of DAOs two token architecture
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:3799320-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 1. the non-fungible reputation tokens give DAO of DAOs members voting rights, and 2. fungible reputation salary tokens allow DAO of DAOs members to earn a fungible salary in proportion to their non-fungible reputation tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-031
text: Paying members indirectly, through a fungible stable salary proportional to non fungible reputation, removes corruptive elements and makes the governance design more attack resistant and more stable over the long run.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: tokenomics
topics: reputation
scope conditions: salary paid in proportion to non fungible reputation scores
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 70

id: kaal:claim:3799320-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The indirect economic effects remove corruptive elements and make the governance design more attack-resistant and stable in the long run.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-032
text: Reputation based governance creates a positive sum game because members have incentives to build lasting non fungible value through a long term record of productive cooperation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: non fungible reputation as the reward
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 60

id: kaal:claim:3799320-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By contrast, the reputation-based DAO of DAOs governance design creates a positive-sum game because DAO of DAOs members have incentives to create lasting non-fungible value for the DAO of DAOs by developing a long- term non-fungible record of productive cooperation
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-033
text: Member reputation is inflationary by design, so non staking of reputation tokens or non voting leads to value depreciation, which incentivizes action and makes liveness faults less likely.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: reputation that depreciates with non-use
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 72

id: kaal:claim:3799320-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: reputation is inflationary in the DAO of DAOs design. As such, non-use, i.e., non-staking of reputation tokens or non-voting, would lead to value depreciation, which incentivizes action and thus value enhancement. Liveness faults become less likely.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-038
text: Superficial identifiers such as language, race, culture, social media profiles, and credit scores play less of a role in DAO of DAOs voting design, which allows inclusion of constituents who have no agency in centralized systems.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation based voting rather than identity based access
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:3799320-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such relatively superficial identifiers play less of a role in the DAO of DAOs voting designs. The more equal distribution of power in the DAO of DAOs governance design allows the inclusion of constituents who otherwise have no agency in centralized systems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-039
text: Reputation weighted salary distribution solves the sockpuppet attack, because a member who creates ten accounts holding one reputation token each ends up in the same position as one account holding ten reputation tokens.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: salary pool distributed in proportion to reputation holdings
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:3799320-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This solves the sockpuppet attack because if a DAO of DAOs member creates 10 accounts with 1 reputation token each, it is the same as 1 account with 10 reputation tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3799320-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3799320-040
text: Weighted keys are preferable to NFTs for reputation accounting because the smart contract itself holds the weights and each smart contract may require a different weight for the same key.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: third generation blockchains that provide weighted keys
scope conditions: the same key used across multiple DAO smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3799320-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Weighted keys are preferable to NFTs because the smart contract itself holds the weights and each smart contract may require a different weight for a given key
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-010
text: Agency theory and the existing legal framework have failed to resolve the core agency conflict arising from the separation of ownership and control, so peaceable and productive coordination of human behavior remains wanting.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: applies to limited liability entities and their constituents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3808852-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Theory and practice have not successfully addressed the outstanding issues. For example, the core agency conflicts emanating from the separation of ownership (shareholder principal) and control (manager agent) cannot be fully addressed by the existing theoretical and legal framework.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-012
text: Organizational decentralization can raise economic performance without new technology: Jack Welch's separation of GE business units, each with its own profit-and-loss statement and full accountability, allowed efficient and profitable operation and GE's market value skyrocketed as a result.
claim type: empirical
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: pre and post internet era corporate structures
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3808852-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Welch's method enabled each business unit to be run efficiently and profitably, while allowing unit heads significant flexibility and independence. GE's market value skyrocketed as a result of its decentralization of business units.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-014
text: eBay's user rating system is visibly flawed and illustrates the need for a decentralized reputation verification system, yet no entity or individual has produced a better technology, and those decentralized ratings remained eBay's biggest competitive advantage.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3808852-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While the user ratings eBay uses clearly have flaws (that illustrate the need for a decentralized reputation verification system), so far, no entity or individual has been able to come up with a better technology.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-015
text: Decentralized autonomous organizations epitomize organizational decentralization because the first DAO, built purely on code and smart contracts with no incorporation, physical address, or headquarters, entirely removed all traditional control mechanisms employed by principals in agency relationships.
claim type: definitional
topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: describes the first DAO launched in May 2016
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3808852-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Launched in May 2016, the first DAO was set up as an organization based purely on code and smart contracts. It did not have a conventional corporate structure, no incorporation, and had no physical address or headquarter.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-016
text: The DAO focus on enhancing the value of fungible tokens can produce short termism and can cause ethical and governance issues to be ignored, even as it frees non-performance reputational penalties from racial and cultural bias.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: applies where DAO membership is organized around fungible token value
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:3808852-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Yet, the focus on the value enhancement of fungible tokens can lead to short termism and may ignore ethical and governance issues.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-017
text: DAO developers are subject to path dependencies that undermine the evolution of decentralized DAO designs, because the communication structures of the organizations that design systems invariably shape future designs.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: open-source-and-code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:3808852-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DAO developers are also subject to path dependencies which undermine the evolution of decentralized DAO designs. The communication structures in organizations will invariably influence future designs.11
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-018
text: Because human brains simplify complex systems for coherence while complex adaptive systems evolve through self-organizing group behavior, decentralizing the interaction of DAO developers would support random developer interaction and make developer perspectives on software development more diverse.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: proposed as a remedy for developer path dependencies
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relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3808852-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The decentralized interaction of DAO developers could help support random developer interaction and make developer perspectives on software development more diverse.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-019
text: At the beginning of the 2020s no forum existed that could support truly decentralized software development with a sufficient incentive design.
claim type: empirical
topics: decentralization
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
scope conditions: as of the beginning of the 2020s
attribution class: source_derived
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3808852-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: At the beginning of the 2020s, no forum existed that could support truly decentralized software development with a sufficient incentive design.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-027
text: Even though the creator of a DEX plays a limited role in its evolution, the code that provides the exchange's operational rules may still be subject to the centralized control of certain developers, and a completely open source DEX with no ongoing developer involvement remains untested.
claim type: failure
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:3808852-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the code that provides the operational rules of the exchange may still be subject to the centralized control of certain developers. The idea of a completely open source DEX without any ongoing developer involvement remains untested.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808852-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808852-029
text: Automation and the absence of a human backstop in compliance, back office, and settlement create new risks to market integrity on decentralized exchanges, including wash trading, frontrunning, and insider trading.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: compliance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3808852-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The code may also create new risks to market integrity because of its automation and lack of a human backstop in compliance, back office, and settlement.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-003
text: Firms that fare worst under disruptive innovation share a myopic short-term focus on shareholder value maximization, because emphasis on share price and financial metrics obscures the question of whether the firm remains relevant.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: listed companies in particular
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:3808859-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Less successful companies often share a myopic and short-term focus on shareholder value maximization that has led to an unhealthy emphasis on firm share price, market valuations, and financial metrics that obscure issues of relevancy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-008
text: The social media coordination function is still largely flawed because the incentive design underlying social proof is suboptimal; decentralized technology solutions can take over that coordination function and improve it.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: applies to social proof metrics such as share counts used as quality proxies
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3808859-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because the incentive design for social proof is suboptimal, the social media coordination function is still largely flawed. Decentralized technology solutions, however, can tap into the coordination function that was inaugurated by social media and improve it.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-020
text: The absence of a centralized authority makes open source projects prone to separation movements, because rival developer cliques form their own belief systems about the direction of development with no authority to resolve the dispute.
claim type: failure
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: contrasted with centralized software projects
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3808859-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because no centralized authority decides the direction of development, open source projects are more prone to cliques of developers that develop their own belief system regarding certain aspects of the development process.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-021
text: An optimally incentivized democratic decision-making tool would make separation movements in open source less likely, because voters who know the process rewards truth-seeking are more likely to accept an adverse outcome; emerging decentralization technology makes such a tool theoretically feasible.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: conditional on incentive-optimal voting mechanisms being buildable
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: speculative
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3808859-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Perhaps if the open source movement had an optimally incentivized democratic decision-making tool, such separation of interests and development would become less likely.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-025
text: The degree of decentralization of an open source project is determined by the degree of hierarchy in its governance: a flat structure with consensus decision-making and no power disparities between developers is the most decentralized form.
claim type: definitional
topics: decentralization
topics: research-methods
topics: governance-design
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: author stipulates this measure for comparing open source projects
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3808859-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The degree of decentralization in open source communities and projects is dictated by the degree of hierarchies in the governance of a given project.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-027
text: Meritocratic allocation of power in open source projects is often a fallacy, because rank can reflect timing and one-off contributions, deflation is not built into the perception of merit, and free riding on past reputation is therefore possible.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies where rank is awarded on perceived merit and not periodically revisited
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3808859-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In other words, deflation is not built into the perception of merit and free riding is possible.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-032
text: Growth in connected IoT devices is offset by falling consumer confidence, because the sheer number of devices creates unprecedented cyber security exposure and attacks can be launched by unsophisticated parties at minimal cost with maximal potential damage.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: estimates of 30 to 50 billion connected devices by 2020
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3808859-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The IoT proliferation is offset by diminished consumer confidence. By the year 2020 the majority of experts estimate that a total of 30 to 50 billion devices will connect to the internet.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-034
text: People increasingly substitute trust in machines, algorithms, and code for trust in organizations and procedures, but that reliance may be misplaced because the existing internet was designed for hierarchical societal structures on an authoritative hierarchical trust model carrying serious cyber security vulnerabilities.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:3808859-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Peoples' increasing reliance on digitized, coded, and automated replacements of traditional cohesion mechanisms may be misplaced. The existing internet is designed for hierarchical societal structures and with an underlying authoritative and hierarchical trust model.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-039
text: A truly decentralized public blockchain must satisfy three simultaneous requirements: no points of centralization and corruption, full security at the level of proof of work, and transaction throughput above one hundred thousand transactions per second.
claim type: design
topics: blockchain
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: stated as the requirement for technological decentralization via blockchain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3808859-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: That is, a public blockchain that is not subject to points of centralization and corruption, that is fully secure at the level of proof of work security with a transaction throughput of over one hundred thousand transactions per seconds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808859-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808859-040
text: Without basic decentralized infrastructure products in place, on-chain governance of blockchains is not possible or is only limitedly possible, and the blockchain ecosystem may not be able to grow without a core decentralized infrastructure such as a functioning public blockchain to build on.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: blockchain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3808859-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without such basic infrastructure products, on-chain governance of blockchains may not be or may only limitedly be possible.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-009
text: Decentralism holds that trust in a system should not be controlled by corruptible human constructs and institutions run by a limited number of fallible humans; instead trust rests on technology enhanced individualism and technology facilitated collective human action.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: contrast with capitalist trusted intermediaries and socialist belief in government infallibility
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3808867-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: decentralism posits that trust in the system should not be controlled by corruptible human constructs and institutions that are controlled by a limited number of fallible and corruptible humans. Rather, trust in decentralism is based on technology-enhanced individualism.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-010
text: Legally created trust is limited because it is only indirectly democratically legitimized, and is therefore arbitrary, inflexible, untimely, resistant to change, dependent on fallible human centric decision processes, and confined to human speed.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: trust created by legal guarantees and judicial enforcement in capitalist and socialist systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3808867-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Legally created trust is often limited as it can be arbitrary because it is only indirectly democratically legitimized, inflexible, untimely, resistant to change, with fallible human-centric decision processes, and human speed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-012
text: Delegating one's vote to a third party whose ethics and belief system the voter does not truly know produces suboptimal outcomes, and delegated voting on issues that cannot be foreseen is corrupting.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: representative democracies in the 21st century
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3808867-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The very notion of delegating one's vote to a third party without true knowledge of the ethics and belief system of such a third party creates suboptimal outcomes. Delegated voting on issues one cannot foresee corrupts.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-013
text: Elected representatives are incentivized to maintain their own power of office rather than to vote for outcomes reflecting the presumptive wishes and needs of their constituents.
claim type: failure
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: representative democracies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3808867-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Voted representatives are not incentivized to vote for outcomes that reflect the presumptive wishes and needs of their constituents but for maintaining their own power of office.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-015
text: Microdemocratic vote allocation improves voting outcomes because the proportion of votes a voter allocates to an issue evidences that voter's higher level of knowledge on the issue, and voters are unlikely to give top priority to issues they know little about.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: voting systems that allocate a maximum number of votes per voter across issues
scope conditions: quadratic voting style designs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3808867-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, part of the power of this microdemocratic approach derives from the higher levels of knowledge a given voter has on a particular issue that is evidenced by the voters' proportional allocation of votes on such issue.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-016
text: Microdemocratic systems must solve the tragedy of the commons, because without controls self interested voters acting independently of the totality of voters may deplete or spoil shared resources such as the environment and public goods.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: microdemocratic shared-resource systems
scope conditions: absence of controls
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3808867-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without controls, some self-interested voters may be depleting or spoiling resources they share with the rest of society, such as the environment, public goods, among others.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-019
text: Unlike their centralized predecessors, decentralized technologies enable, for the first time in history, improved incentive designs that help overcome the insufficiencies in the voting outcomes of representative democracies.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: decentralized voting pools that increase, deepen, and proliferate
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3808867-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike their centralized predecessors, decentralized technologies, for the first time in history, enable improved incentive designs that help overcome the insufficiencies in voting outcomes of representative democracies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808867-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-023
text: The conveniences and benefits of centralized algorithmic automation carry risks to humanity that cannot be fully quantified, and decentralized systems can counteract those downsides and threats.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3808867-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: At the same time, the conveniences and benefits that derive from centralized algorithmic automation bring with them risks to humanity that cannot be fully quantified. Decentralized systems can counteract the downsides and threats of algorithmic automation
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id: kaal:claim:3808867-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-030
text: Because a decentralized system has a blockchain based quasi precedent nature with a human backstop, it enables built in checks and balances capable of supporting resistance even to apocalyptic takeovers of algorithmic systems that would remove human presence to optimize efficiency.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: blockchain based systems with accumulated human voting records
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:3808867-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because of its blockchain-based quasi- precedent nature with a human backstop, the decentralized system enables built-in checks and balances that can support resistance to even the most apocalyptic applications and takeover of algorithmic systems
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id: kaal:claim:3808867-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-033
text: Code based trust lowers transaction costs and simultaneously raises consumer and market confidence and certainty, which facilitates economies of scale that are rarely possible in centralized structures, despite the cybersecurity problems associated with cryptocurrencies.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: code based decentralized applications
scope conditions: presence of cybersecurity issues in cryptocurrency markets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3808867-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: code-based trust can help lower transaction costs, but it also increases consumer and overall market confidence and certainty, which facilitate economies of scale that are rarely possible in centralized structures
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-013
text: Applying decentralized technology to optimize a legacy system, for example using blockchain to improve the malfunctioning shareholder proxy voting process, perpetuates the outdated and malfunctioning centralized system rather than replacing it with a better performing decentralized one.
claim type: failure
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: decentralized technology deployed as an optimization layer on centralized legacy processes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3808873-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the process, the outdated and malfunctioning centralized legacy systems are being perpetuated rather than being replaced with better performing decentralized systems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-018
text: Overreliance on the design of constitutional democracies limits experimentation with decentralized solutions for organizing society, because exclusive reliance on a single legal document combined with widespread voter apathy makes the constitutional model appear to be the only lasting form of organization.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: constitutional democracies as the dominant form of organizing society
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3808873-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Overreliance on the design of constitutional democracies limits experimentation with decentralized solutions for the organization of society.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-020
text: Experimentation with decentralized organizational forms of society is curtailed by the principle of territorial integrity of nation states, a foundational principle of international law under which forced border change justifies war and which sustains a permanent national military presence.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: international legal order built on Article 2(4) of the UN Charter
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3808873-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Experimentation with decentralized organizational forms of society is curtailed by the principle of territorial integrity of nation states.
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id: kaal:claim:3808873-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-026
text: Regulatory solutions tracked the characteristics of issuers, so the more decentralized, censorship resistant and autonomous products that regulators could not control were left in a regulatory vacuum that limited their expansion, reach and evolution.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: ai-and-agents
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attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:3808873-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As a result, the more decentralized products that were more censorship resistant, autonomous, and could not be controlled by regulatory agencies, were largely left in a regulatory vacuum that limited their expansion, reach, and evolution.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-033
text: Decentralized networks depend on dynamic governance because evolving blockchain protocols require updates, and the practice of hardforking that remained prevalent in the early 2020s created significant economic loss for such blockchains.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: economics
scope conditions: blockchain protocols requiring upgrades in the early 2020s
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3808873-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As blockchains protocols evolve in a given market, they require updates. The practice of hardforking, that was still prevalent in the early 2020s, created significant economic loss for such blockchains.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-034
text: Because basic standards for the governance of digital assets were still missing at the beginning of the 2020s, the digital asset market stagnated and decentralized finance remained in its infancy; without standards and governance, certainty and market confidence cannot develop.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
topics: economics
scope conditions: digital asset markets at the beginning of the 2020s
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:3808873-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: At the beginning of the 2020s, basic standards for the governance of digital assets were still missing. As a result, the digital asset market stagnated and DeFi (decentralized finance) remained in its infancy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-035
text: DAO governance designs of the early 2020s failed to take account of the historical precedent on governance, and most DAOs used centralized master nodes to institute blockchain protocol and DAO upgrades.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: decentralized autonomous organizations at the beginning of the 2020s
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:3808873-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: At the beginning of the 2020s, the then existing DAO governance design structures failed to take into account the historical precedent on governance. Most DAOs utilized centralized forms of master nodes to institute blockchain protocol and DAO upgrades.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-037
text: Effective institutional governance, human or machine, requires a duality of incentives in which actors improve their own utility while their actions benefit the whole institution over the long run, and without that duality rational and opportunistic constituents will game the governance design.
claim type: condition
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAO governance designs facing internal and external opportunistic actors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:3808873-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Human nature and any effective machine derivates of human engagements in institutional form require a duality of incentives in order to overcome attempts of rational and opportunistic internal and external constituents to game the governance design of a given DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-038
text: When fungible assets are the dominant incentive design in the governance of DAOs with identifiable actors, rational and opportunistic internal and external participants will typically attempt to corrupt the governance design for their own gain; merit identifiers other than individual identity remove the most corruptive influences.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAO governance using fungible assets and identifiable actors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:3808873-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: When fungible assets are used as the dominant incentive design in the governance of DAOs with identifiable actors, rational and opportunistic internal constituents and external participants will typically attempt to corrupt the governance design of the DAO for their own gain.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3808873-042
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-042
text: A decentralized human backstop to code is a core and often overlooked infrastructure requirement, because without it the immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security may not create genuine transactional guarantees or trust between principals and agents in the integrity of their contractual relationship.
claim type: design
topics: smart-contracts
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: decentralized algorithmic systems mediating principal agent contractual relationships
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 74

id: kaal:claim:3808873-042:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without a decentralized human backstop to code, the immutability of the blockchain and its cryptographic security systems may not be able to create truly transactional guarantees and trust between principals and agents in the integrity of their contractual relationship.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-002
text: The core proposal of Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake is to separate block consensus from block rewards, making the reward a function of the node's reputation rather than of stake alone.
claim type: design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:3931933-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The main concept in Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (HSPoS) is to separate the block consensus from the block rewards. HSPoS proposes that the rewards become a function in the reputation of the node.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-022
text: Shasper governance is funded in a hardcoded way: each validator that succeeds in propagating a block allocates a fixed percentage of its block reward, denominated in SHAS, into a separate SDAO wallet, in addition to the ordinary Casper PoS allocation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: reputation
scope conditions: Shasper Network validators producing blocks under the Casper PoS consensus algorithm
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:3931933-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, in addition to the Casper PoS Consensus algorithm allocation, each validator who succeeds in propagating a block allocates [__]% of the block reward, denominated in SHAS, into a separate SDAO wallet.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-023
text: The same percentage of the block reward that funds the SDAO wallet also mints reputation in the SDAO for the propagating validator, with both the minting and the sharing of the pooled tokens following the DEVxDAO MVPR protocol.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: Shasper Network block production
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:3931933-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: That [__]% of the block reward in SHAS token also mints reputation in the SDAO for said validator. The reputation minting process follows the DEVxDAO MVPR protocol and the SHAS token that are allocated to the SDAO are shared among the SDAO members following the DEVxDAO MVPR protocol.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-024
text: Tokens accumulated in the SDAO wallet are distributed to voting associates in proportion to their SDAO reputation score, so payout tracks reputation rather than stake.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: SDAO members holding voting associate status
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3931933-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, the SHAS in the SDAO wallet are distributed to the SDAO VAs in proportion to their SDAO reputation score.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-025
text: A voting associate's SDAO reputation score is determined by that associate's merit, level of activity, and engagement in the SDAO.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: SDAO reputation accounting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3931933-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The respective SDAO reputation score of each VA, in turn, is determined by their respective merit, level of activity, and engagement in the SDAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-028
text: The SDAO performance based onboarding metric deliberately goes well beyond validator node uptime, adding criteria such as node performance, running a dApp on the network, response time to upgrades, technical background, adherence to instructions and hardware specifications, and community behavior.
claim type: design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: SDAO preregistration workflow for validator candidates
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:3931933-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This performance based onboarding process and metric goes way beyond the criterion of validator node uptime. In the SDAO preregistration workflow, validator candidates apply for a position in the
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-029
text: Using the SDAO, the Shasper Network lets its developer community determine by community consensus which technology upgrades to the testnet should be created.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: Shasper Network technology upgrade process
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:3931933-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Through the use of the SDAO, the Shasper Network enables its developer community to determine via community consensus what technology upgrades to the Shasper testnet should be created.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-033
text: Nodes accumulate reputation in two ways: by being onboarded into the SDAO and performing well as node validators, and by participating regularly in SDAO governance votes.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: HSPoS reputation accrual on the Shasper Network
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:3931933-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 1. being onboarded into the SDAO and performing well as node validators, and 2. by participating regularly in the governance votes of SDAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-035
text: By balancing validator stakes against reputation, HSPoS reaches an equilibrium of incentives in which validators are motivated both to succeed economically as validators and to participate actively in decentralized governance.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: validators holding both SHAS stake and SDAO reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 66

id: kaal:claim:3931933-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Through this balancing of validator SHAS stakes and reputation, HSPoS attains an equilibrium of incentives for validators to: a. attain economic success as validators, and
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3931933-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-038
text: Governance decisions such as network upgrades follow a simple vote that mints no reputation, yet reputation in the SDAO can still be lost through a governance vote because each vote follows the DEVxDAO MVPR logic moving from loosely coupled to tightly coupled voting.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
scope conditions: SDAO governance votes on network upgrades
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3931933-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Governance decisions, such as network upgrades, among others, follow a simple vote process in which no reputation is minted. However, reputation in the SDAO can be lost as a result of a governance vote as each vote follows the DEVxDAO MVPR logic via loosely coupled to tightly coupled voting.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-011
text: Hot storage buys easy access and quick transferability of digital assets at the cost of exposure to cyber attacks and to the difficulty of keeping private keys safe.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: defi
scope conditions: wallets stored and accessible online
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:3936876-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Hot storage ensures the easy access and quick transferability of digital assets but is also subject to possible asset security issues in the form of cyber attacks or issues with keeping private keys safe.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-014
text: Because a wallet provider or exchange that has custody of a digital asset gains full control over transactions, hacking a digital asset exchange is equivalent to robbing a bank: the attacker obtains valuable cryptocurrency that can be cashed out.
claim type: mechanism
topics: defi
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: exchanges holding pooled customer assets in hot storage
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:3936876-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As such, a hack of a digital asset exchange is akin to robbing a bank-- getting hold of valuable cryptocurrencies that they can cash out of.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-017
text: Custodial exchanges are largely unprepared for breach: only 53 percent of small custodial exchanges and 78 percent of large custodial exchanges have a written policy setting out what happens to customer funds if a security breach causes loss.
claim type: empirical
topics: defi
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: custodial cryptocurrency exchanges surveyed in the 2017 benchmarking study
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:3936876-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Just 53% of small custodial exchanges and 78% of large custodial exchanges have a written policy outlining what happens to customer funds in the event of a security breach resulting in the loss of customer funds.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-024
text: Applying the trust label to digital asset firms without an accompanying fiduciary duty is problematic, because the typical legal obligation of a trust company is to place customers' interests above its own.
claim type: normative
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: state trust charters used by digital asset firms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3936876-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The applicability of the trust label to digital asset firms, without a fiduciary duty, can be problematic. A typical legal obligation for trust companies is a fiduciary duty – to place customers' interests above the company's own.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-028
text: Information security infrastructure and controls to mitigate hacking, theft, and fraud must be enhanced when maintaining custody of digital assets, because digital assets have unique technical characteristics.
claim type: design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: defi
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: banks and custodians holding digital assets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3936876-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Information security infrastructure and controls to mitigate hacking, theft, and fraud need to be enhanced when maintaining custody of digital assets due to their unique technical characteristics.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-030
text: Every risk in a digital custody operation should carry both a preventative and a detective control, layered so that if some controls fail others remain to reduce the risk.
claim type: design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: defi
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: digital asset custody risk management programs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:3936876-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Every risk should have a preventative and detective control and there should be appropriate layers of controls so that if some fail, others will still be there to reduce the risk.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-031
text: Specialized digital custody audit procedures for verifying that a bank maintains access controls over a cryptographic key differ from the audit procedures used for physical assets, so some risk management processes must be tailored for digital custody.
claim type: design
topics: compliance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: defi
scope conditions: national banks providing cryptocurrency custody
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3936876-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Specialized digital custody audit procedures for verifying the bank maintains access controls for a cryptographic key will differ from the procedures used for physical assets.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-035
text: Becoming an OCC regulated trust is one route by which crypto exchanges can operate nationwide without securing state level licenses in each of the 49 states that require one.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
scope conditions: United States, national trust charter route
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:3936876-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Becoming an OCC-regulated trust is one way crypto exchanges can operate nationwide without needing to secure state-level licenses in each of the 49 different U.S. states (Montana doesn't have a licensing requirement).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-039
text: Where owners do not rely on the cryptography of the wallet and of each transaction to avoid trusted third parties, single points of failure, rent seeking behaviors and other suboptimal outcomes of legacy systems inevitably seep back into decentralized solutions.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized systems that reintroduce trusted third parties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:3936876-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without it, single points of failure, rent- seeking behaviors and other suboptimal outcomes of legacy systems are inevitably seeping back into decentralized solutions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3936876-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-040
text: Delegation of rights to custody providers is only an incremental step toward centralization via delegation to third party investment managers, and it opens a floodgate because each additional level of investment discretion over digital assets exacerbates centralization concerns and compounds rent seeking suboptimalities.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: defi
scope conditions: delegation chains that begin with custody and extend to discretionary management
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:3936876-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This becomes a floodgate issue, as each level of investment discretion over digital assets exacerbates the centralization concerns and compounds the rent seeking suboptimalities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-002
text: Reputation tokens used in decentralized finance are more meaningful and easier to value than traditional identity verification metrics, so decentralized protocols that use reputation metrics will require less collateralization than traditional protocols.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: defi
scope conditions: reputation is incorporated securely into the Web3 environment
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 65

id: kaal:claim:3949098-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation tokens that are utilized in decentralized finance are more meaningful than traditional identity verification metrics, and much easier to value. Accordingly, decentralized protocols that use reputation metrics will require less collateralization than in traditional protocols.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-011
text: The delayed voting outcomes and feedback effects created by the transition from loosely coupled to tightly coupled voting let DAOIC members triangulate their own internal liquidity position against deal feasibility.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
topics: defi
scope conditions: two phase loosely coupled and tightly coupled reputation staking votes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3949098-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: At the same time, the delayed voting outcomes and associated feedback effects enabled by the transition from loosely coupled to tightly coupled voting enable DAOIC members to triangulate their own internal liquidity with deal feasibility.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-018
text: Meaningful reputation in a business network removes the need for monitoring cost and lowers transaction costs by orders of magnitude.
claim type: mechanism
topics: compliance
topics: economics
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: meaningful reputation exists in the business network
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:3949098-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation removes the need for monitoring cost. It lowers transaction costs in orders of magnitude.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-021
text: Traditional underwriting also fails at the agent level, because individual agents within an underwriter may sacrifice the underwriter's overall reputation for personal gain, for example by putting out a fraudulent offering.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: defi
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: traditional underwriting firms where agent and firm incentives diverge
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:3949098-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: individual agents within an underwriter may decide to sacrifice the underwriter's overall reputation for personal gain.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-022
text: In the theoretical model, the incentive design of decentralized reputation staking governance aligns the individual with the group so tightly that the agent cannot gain personally at the expense of the principal.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: corporate-governance
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
scope conditions: theoretical model
scope conditions: adoption of the decentralized reputation staking governance mechanisms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 72

id: kaal:claim:3949098-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: aligns the interests of the individual with the interest of the group. In other words, the incentives of the principal, e.g. the group, and the individual are aligned so much that the agent cannot gain personally at the expense of the principal.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-026
text: Misjudging the public commitment portion of a firm underwriting engagement would neutralize the liquidity the DAOIC previously gained through reputation staking.
claim type: failure
topics: defi
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: firm commitment underwriting engagements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3949098-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Getting the public commitment part on a firm underwriting engagement wrong would neutralize the prior gained liquidity from RNFT staking.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-031
text: Once its market position is solidified, the DAOIC could mandate that each token opportunity adopt decentralized governance mechanisms before the DAOIC begins reputation staking on it, using its market power to force governance reform.
claim type: predictive
topics: economics
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: after the DAOIC has solidified its market position
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: speculative
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3949098-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It is conceivable that the DAOIC, over time, once its position in the market has been solidified, mandates the adoption of decentralized governance mechanisms (Calcaterra & Kaal et al (2019) for the governance of each token opportunity
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-033
text: The decentralized reputation staking governance mechanisms provide a higher form of decentralized governance than most legal standards in any given jurisdiction.
claim type: normative
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3949098-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (Calcaterra & Kaal et al (2019)) provide a higher form of decentralized governance than most legal standards in a given jurisdiction.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-039
text: Ratio adjustments are the DAOIC's key tool for strategic increases in profitability and overall policy, and they should be subject to a member vote conducted through the decentralized reputation staking governance mechanisms.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: governance metrics subject to dynamic upgrade over the DAOIC life cycle
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3949098-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Ratio adjustments provide a key tool for strategic increases in profitability and overall DAOIC policy. Ratio adjustments should be subject to DAOIC member vote following the decentralized reputation staking governance mechanisms (Calcaterra & Kaal et al (2019)).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3949098-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3949098-040
text: Replacing capital with reputation increases liquidity because reputation takes over part of the role of capital and frees otherwise locked capital, letting decentralized investment vehicles deploy capital more effectively since reputation staking on deals requires no capital deployment.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: defi
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized investment vehicles using reputation staking
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3949098-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: When reputation takes over part of the role of capital it frees up otherwise locked capital that cannot fully be utilized. Decentralized investment vehicles are able to deploy capital more effectively because reputation staking on deals does not require the deployment of capital.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-002
text: Decentralized reputation governance models in venture capital have the potential to upgrade the venture capital market.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: innovation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3962614-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This article shows that decentralized reputation governance models in venture capital have the potential to upgrade the venture capital market.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-023
text: A VC's proportional holdings of reputation tokens are likely to increase over time if the VC follows sound and successful practices by staking reputation tokens on investment proposals and succeeding in the selection of portfolio companies.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: a VC DAO where members stake reputation for or against proposals
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 67

id: kaal:claim:3962614-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The VC's proportional holdings of these reputation tokens is likely to increase over time if the VC follows sound and successful practices by way of staking the VC's reputation tokens on investment proposals and succeeding in the selection of portfolio companies
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-025
text: Only reputation token holders are allowed to participate in the portfolio selection process, which materializes through reputation staking on investment proposals.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: dao
scope conditions: the reputation as capital DAO design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:3962614-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First and foremost, only reputation token holders are allowed to participate in the portfolio selection process which materializes by way of reputation staking on investment proposals.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-027
text: The value of the reputation tokens is a function of the return on investment of the DAO.
claim type: definitional
topics: tokenomics
topics: economics
topics: reputation
topics: dao
scope conditions: a DAO that treats ROI as DAO revenue shared as reputation salary
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3962614-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, the value of the reputation tokens is a function of the ROI of the DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-033
text: Through the decentralized governance precedent system, projects upvoted by the whale validation pool that have the highest comparative ROI get more citations in the reputation system and continually enhance the reputation of the whale who sourced and proposed them.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: a DAO operating a decentralized governance precedent system
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:3962614-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Through the decentralized governance precedent system, projects that were upvoted by the Whale validation pool and have the highest comparative ROI get more citations in the reputation system and continually enhance the reputation of the whale who sourced and proposed it.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-035
text: The hybrid smart contracting model is defective because VCs are partially incentivized to fund and stake only the best deals while staking on less optimal deals that the market mostly funds, which undermines their long term reputation accumulation.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: dao
scope conditions: models where VCs can stake reputation without proportionate capital commitment
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 74

id: kaal:claim:3962614-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The problem with this model is that VCs are incentivized partially to fund and stake only on the best deals and stake on the less optimal deals that are mostly funded by the market. This undermines their long-term reputation accumulation
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-036
text: The incentives that undermine long term success of the hybrid model can be mitigated by mandating that staking on deals requires capital commitments, while allowing VCs to lower their capital commitments and increase their staking over time.
claim type: design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: hybrid VC DAO models transitioning away from capital
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:3962614-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It is possible to mitigate these incentives that undermine the long-term success of the system. For example, it is conceivable that staking on deals by VCs mandates capital commitments to the deals but that VCs can over time lower their capital commitments and increase their staking.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-037
text: A better system emphasizes reputation by prohibiting capital investment into portfolio companies after an initial minting of reputation in proportion to incoming capital.
claim type: design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
topics: dao
scope conditions: the incentive optimized reputation model with smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3962614-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A better system would avoid this scenario by emphasizing the reputation in the system by prohibiting capital investment into portfolio companies after an initial minting of reputation in proportion to incoming capital.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-038
text: In the non custodial DAO investment club model all of the return on purchase is minted into fungible reputation tokens that get paid as reputation salaries following decentralized governance, which provides the best incentive alignment for members and the highest potential return for all involved.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: the non custodial DAO investment club model with smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 70

id: kaal:claim:3962614-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In this model, all of the ROP is minted into fungible reputation tokens that get paid as reputation salaries following decentralized governance. This model provides the best incentive alignment for DAOIC members with the highest potential return for all involved.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3962614-042
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3962614-042
text: The collective wisdom of DAO investment club members helps hedge against purchase risk, and because decentralized governance with loosely and tightly coupled votes will very likely make all tightly coupled votes unanimous, no member loses reputation NFTs.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: decentralized governance combining loosely and tightly coupled votes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:3962614-042:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The collective wisdom of DAOIC members helps hedge against purchase risk. Moreover, because the applicable decentralized governance with loosesly and tightly coupled votes will very likely make all tightly coupled votes unanimous, no DAOIC member loses RNFTs
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-011
text: Distributed ledger technologies are particularly capable of increasing trust among charitable organizations, sponsors, and beneficiaries, because the technology enables real time tracking of the donation supply chain.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: blockchain
topics: reputation
topics: disclosure
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: charitable donation flows recorded on distributed ledgers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:3981021-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Distributed ledger technologies (DLT) are particularly capable of increasing trust between charitable organizations, sponsors, and beneficiaries. The technology enables real-time tracking of the donation supply chain.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-019
text: By giving the power of the endowment to the DAO the donor relinquishes control over the assets in exchange for community governance, and that relinquishment builds trust and community buy in, which in turn secures growth and legacy for the donor's purpose.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: donors willing to cede asset control to a community of experts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:3981021-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The donor can help mold the community to some extnt but at the same time the donor releases the control to the community. The relinquishment of control builds trust and community buy in. This in turn, ensures growth and legacy for the respective purpose of the donor and the associated DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-024
text: Merit in the CHARITYxDAO is expressed by a non fungible reputation token that cannot be bought or sold, and voting is designed around staking those non fungible reputation tokens.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: CHARITYxDAO voting design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 67

id: kaal:claim:3981021-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: c. decisions in the CHARITYxDAO are made with a voting design that revolves around staking of non-fungible reputation tokens; d. non-fungibility of CHARITYxDAO reputation tokens; e.g. merit of a CHARITYxDAO VA is expressed by a non-fungible reputation token that cannot be bought or sold;
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-026
text: Every CHARITYxDAO decision runs through a two vote model: a loosely coupled sentiment vote with no reputation at stake, followed by a tightly coupled final vote with reputation at stake.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: all CHARITYxDAO governance decisions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:3981021-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: i. Two vote model a) loosely coupled (sentiment) vote (no reputation at stake), b) tightly coupled (final) vote (reputation at stake):
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-027
text: Because voting associates can see the sentiment vote outcomes and who staked what reputation before the binding vote, it is reasonable to expect that the overwhelming majority of final tightly coupled votes will end in unanimity on the issue at hand.
claim type: predictive
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
scope conditions: two vote designs where sentiment results are visible before the binding vote
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 69

id: kaal:claim:3981021-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, it is reasonable to expect that the overwhelming majority of CHARITYxDAO's final tightly coupled votes will end in unanimity on the issue at hand.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-028
text: Reputation staking overcomes the polarizing effects and suboptimal vote outcomes produced by one token one vote voting mechanisms.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: governance systems choosing between token weighted and reputation weighted voting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:3981021-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, it overcomes the all too common polarizing effects and suboptimal vote outcomes of one- token-one-vote voting mechanisms.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-030
text: Reputation staking serves the common good because the more the aggregated individual reputation of all voting associates increases, the more the overall value of the DAO increases and the more the DAO creates value enhancing outcomes for sponsors and the associate community at large.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
topics: dao
scope conditions: reputation weighted DAO governance tied to common good objectives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 72

id: kaal:claim:3981021-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: gets served through this design in particular because the more the aggregated individual reputation of all CHARITYxDAO VAs increases the more the overall CHARITYxDAO value increases and the more the CHARITYxDAO creates value enhancing outcomes for the sponsors and VA
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-031
text: The design decreases the likelihood of individual and, in turn, community liveness fault, because non use of existing reputation at the individual level leads to inflationary devaluation of that reputation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation systems with built in inflationary decay
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 67

id: kaal:claim:3981021-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The design decreases the likelihood of individual and, in turn, community liveness fault because non-use of existing reputation on the individual level leads to inflationary devaluation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-033
text: The loss of opportunity from slashing a voting associate's reputation grows as the size of the network increases, because a larger network intensifies competition among associates for the reputation tokens that determine fungible salary payouts.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: reputation weighted networks where salary tracks reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:3981021-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: reputation tokens to receive fungible token salaries that are paid in proportion to reputation tokens. Accordingly, in the CHARITYxDAO design, the loss of opportunity from slashing CHARITYxDAO VA reputation grows as the size of the network increases.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3981021-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3981021-038
text: Just as centralized institutions rely on the vetting of candidates by other centralized institutions, the CHARITYxDAO may serve as a decentralized oracle for philanthropic endeavors.
claim type: predictive
topics: decentralization
topics: smart-contracts
topics: corporate-governance
topics: reputation
scope conditions: growth in the scale of the CHARITYxDAO
scope conditions: analogy to centralized institutions vetting each other's candidates
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: speculative
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:3981021-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Similar to how centralized institutions rely on the vetting of candidates from other centralized institutions, the CHARITYxDAO may serve as a decentralized oracle for philanthropic endeavors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-002
text: The benefit of a code review is negatively correlated with the size of the code under review: the larger the number of files in a single review, the lower the rate of beneficial feedback from reviewers.
claim type: mechanism
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: single review submissions of increasing size
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3995709-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Therefore, the benefit of attaining a code review is negatively correlated with the size of the code under review. In particular, the larger the amount of files in a single review, the lower the rate of beneficial feedback from the reviewers.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-009
text: Feedback in modern code review is deficient in both timeliness and substance: receiving feedback in a timely manner is developers' number one reported challenge, and the feedback that arrives is often not insightful because reviewers focus on insignificant details rather than larger issues.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: surveyed developer populations in industry code review
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3995709-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Moreover, even when developers finally receive feedback on their code change, it is often not insightful or helpful. For example, the study also found that some reviewers focus on "insignificant details rather than larger issues."43
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-010
text: Organizational metrics, such as the number of developers working on a component, organizational distance between developers, and organizational code ownership, are better predictors of defect proneness than traditional metrics like churn, complexity, coverage, dependencies, and pre release bug measures.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: large organization software development
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:3995709-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: including the number of developers working on a component, organizational distance between developers, and organizational code ownership, are "better predictors of defect-proneness than traditional metrics like churn, complexity, coverage, dependencies, and pre-release bug measures."45
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-011
text: Organizational identity and structure affect the time and effectiveness of the code review process, as shown by a statistically significant difference in how quickly Apple accepts its own patches versus Google patches.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: cross organization patch submission
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:3995709-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: treats their own patches differently from external patches."48 Therefore, organizational identity and structure may have impacts on the time and effectiveness of the code review process.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-012
text: The more hierarchical the code review process and the more barriers to entry it imposes, the lower the quality of the resulting code.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: legacy code review firms with hierarchical reviewer selection
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3995709-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In other words, the more hierarchical the code review process and the more barriers to entry, the lower the quality of code.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-013
text: In hierarchical legacy review processes the first reviewer's output gets the highest priority and follow on reviewers add only minor upgrades, so the collective of reviewers is not incentivized to find flaws and optimize the code as a collective work product.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: legacy code review firms
scope conditions: hierarchical ordering of reviewers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:3995709-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: often gets the highest priority and is often merely followed with minor upgrades by follow-on reviewers. The collective of reviewers is also not incentivized to find flaws in the code to optimize code as a work product of the collective.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-029
text: The CRDAO governance model enables a community policing and audit methodology for code reviews, and those governance and policing functions ensure less duplication of code reviews.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: DAO based governance over a reviewer community
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:3995709-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The CRDAO also uses a community policing and audit methodology for code reviews. This is enabled by the CRDAO governance model. Moreover, the CRDAO governance and policing functions ensure less duplication of code reviews.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-030
text: Crowd review and policing votes by the CRDAO collective filter out idiosyncratic reviewer preferences, because reviewers who submit highly idiosyncratic reviews would have to fear slashing and loss of standing in the community.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: mandatory crowd review of each code review
scope conditions: slashing and reputation stakes in place
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:3995709-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Instead, the CRDAO mandates that reviews are subject to crowd review and policing votes by the CRDAO collective. Accordingly, code reviewers are less likely to engage in highly idiosyncratic reviews as they would need to fear slashing and loss of standing in the community.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-032
text: Lower cost early feedback from the CRDAO enables risk taking by development teams that wish to move quickly through governance and upgrade processes, which in turn enables accelerated growth and scaling of experimentation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: dev teams operating with fast governance and upgrade cycles
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:3995709-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The feedback provided by the CRDAO for the developer community enables risk-taking for dev teams who wish to move quickly through their governance and upgrade process, which in turn enables accelerated growth and scaling of experimentation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:3995709-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3995709-036
text: The CRDAO governance framework is the decentralized governance framework developed by Craig Calcaterra and Wulf Kaal, further enhanced and implemented by the code review DAO, and CRDAO members get paid to participate in that governance.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: CRDAO network governance participation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:3995709-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The CRDAO follows a decentralized framework of governance that was developed by Craig Calcaterra and Wulf Kaal50
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-003
text: The foundation model for token issuance is a core form of centralized top-down governance, and most ICO projects were governed by a small group of individuals rather than by the community at large or a DAO.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: dao
scope conditions: ICO era token issuance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:4015908-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The foundation model for token issuance is a core form of centralized top-down governance in the context of token offerings.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-014
text: The larger the market capitalization controlled by the DAO, the less likely it becomes that whales and insiders can purchase inexpensive tokens on the market.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
topics: economics
scope conditions: DAO governance over project liquidity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:4015908-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The larger the market capitalization that is controlled by the DAO, the less likely it becomes that whales and insiders can purchase inexpensive tokens on the market.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-022
text: The more decentralized the governance of a fair launch protocol, the less likely the project will be seen as treating public users unfairly, which makes a decentralized autonomous organization design advisable for fair launch projects.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: governance design is transparent and decentralized
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:4015908-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The more decentralized the governance of a fair launch protocol, the less likely the project will be seen as not treating the public users unfairly. In this context, it may be advisable for fair launch projects to be launched in a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) design.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-023
text: If the DAO governing a fair launch is controlled by a handful of people in a foundation setting, decentralized governance metrics are less likely to take hold and the public is correspondingly less likely to benefit from decentralized community governance over the launch.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: regulatory-failure
scope conditions: DAO controlled by a small group in a foundation setting
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4015908-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: controlled by a handful of people in a foundation setting, it is less likely that decentralized governance metrics take hold in the DAO. Accordingly, it is less likely that the public can benefit from the decentralized community governance over the fair launch.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-024
text: DAO governance built on fungible governance tokens is disfavored and dangerous because governance rights can be bought on open exchanges, whereas non-fungible reputation governance assures the highest levels of decentralization.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: DAO governance rights are tradeable on open exchanges
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:4015908-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DAO governance that revolves around fungible governance tokens is disfavored and dangerous in this context as governance rights can be bought on open exchanges. By contrast, non-fungible reputation governance of the DAO assures highest levels of decentralization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-025
text: Community DAO governance makes any form of rug pull much less likely, because rug pulls typically benefit only a few select individuals who retained control over the project code or liquidity.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
scope conditions: community DAO oversees project code and liquidity
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:4015908-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Community DAO governance also makes any form of rug pulls much less likely as rug pulls typically only benefit a few select individuals who retained control over the project code or liquidity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-026
text: DAO governance over token launch wallets can assure that no single individual exercises rights over the token launch wallet and becomes a single point of failure or abuse.
claim type: design
topics: smart-contracts
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: token launch wallet is governed by the DAO
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:4015908-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: DAO governance over token launch wallets can assure that no single individual exercises rights over the token launch wallet and becomes a single point of failure/abuse.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-027
text: Founders may hold significant influence over DAO votes initially depending on the DAO design, but higher levels of governance decentralization mitigate these centralization effects quickly through the onboarding of new DAO members.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: early stage of DAO formation
scope conditions: DAO design permits ongoing member onboarding
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:4015908-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Depending on the DAO design, the founders may have significant influence over the DAO votes initially. However, higher levels of DAO governance decentralization mitigate these centralization effects quickly via the onboarding of new DAO members.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-039
text: A fair launch rewards protocol can measure ethical conduct by whether a user engages with the protocol consistently, invests, and votes over time, while users who merely use the network for yield farming may not qualify because they lack engagement.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: defi
scope conditions: protocol can measure historical on chain user behavior
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:4015908-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such ethical conduct can measure whether the user engages with the protocol consistently, invests, and votes on the fair launch protocol network over time. By contrast, users who merely use the network for yield farming may not qualify as they lack engagement.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4015908-041
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4015908-041
text: Rug pull practices can take the form of a whale guaranteeing an inside developer or business head a percentage participation if that insider changes the code governing the project to produce an outcome that benefits only the whale and its associates.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: insiders retain the ability to change project code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:4015908-041:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: example, a whale may guarantee an inside developer or business head a percentage participation if the insider changes the code that governs the project for a beneficial outcome that only benefits the whale and its associates.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-001
text: The absence of clearly defined technology features for blockchain, distributed ledger, and associated terms propagates outward, producing knock-on definitional problems in other parts of the blockchain ecosystem.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: blockchain and distributed ledger terminology remains undefined
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:4021599-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The lack of clearly defined technology features pertaining to blockchain technology, distributed ledger, and other associated terms has knock-on effects on other parts of the blockchain ecosystem.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-002
text: No truly uniform definition of blockchain technology exists; commentators variously describe it as a giant distributed immutable spreadsheet for transactions or by enumerating central elements such as decentralization, immutability, and cryptographic verification.
claim type: definitional
topics: blockchain
topics: decentralization
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4021599-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: No truly uniform definition exists for blockchain technology. Some refer to it as a giant worldwide, distributed, immutable "google spreadsheet" for transactions.1
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-003
text: The core distinguishing features of blockchain technology are only generically definitional: they characterize the technology as a class but supply no specific definitions usable for classification.
claim type: failure
topics: blockchain
topics: systemic-risk
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:4021599-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The core distinguishing features of blockchain technology help define the technology generically but provide no specific definitions. For example, the technology's distributed consensus
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-004
text: Blockchain's distributed consensus model makes fraudulent transactions much less likely to be recorded because individual network nodes verify and validate chain transactions before those transactions execute.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: distributed consensus networks with node level validation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:4021599-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: recorded as individual network nodes verify and validate chain transactions before the execution of the transactions.3 The resulting
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-006
text: The lack of a clearly delineated nomenclature for the term securities token has produced divergent uses and interpretations of that term, especially in relation to the term utility token.
claim type: failure
topics: securities-law
topics: tokenomics
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: United States digital asset markets as of 2022
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:4021599-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The lack of a clearly delineated nomenclature for the term "securities token" resulted in various uses and interpretations of the term securities token, especially vis-à-vis the term "utility token."
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-012
text: The literature on securities tokens converges on two commonalities: that a securities token functions as or is synonymous with traditional security assets, and that securities tokens are subject to traditional securities regulation.
claim type: definitional
topics: securities-law
topics: tokenomics
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: systemic-risk
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:4021599-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: that a securities token functions as or is synonymous with traditional security assets,15 and 2. that securities tokens are subject to traditional securities regulation.16
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-016
text: Utility tokens are tokens with an intrinsic utility for a good or service: they emphasize the uses of the token and typically give users access to a product or service or give rewards that incentivize desirable behavior on the platform.
claim type: definitional
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:4021599-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The term utility token is used to identify tokens that have an intrinsic utility for a good or service. Utility tokens emphasize the uses of the token and typically give their users access to a product or service or give rewards to incentivize desirable behavior on the respective platform.25
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-017
text: Utility tokens operate as an access mechanism: in order to interact with a given platform or use case, users are incentivized to acquire access rights to the product or service by acquiring the utility token.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:4021599-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In order to interact with a given platform or use case, users are incentivized to acquire access rights to the product or service through the acquisition of the utility token.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-021
text: Merely calling a token a utility token, or structuring it so that it provides some utility, does not prevent the token from being characterized as a security.
claim type: failure
topics: tokenomics
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: United States regulatory characterization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:4021599-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: From a regulatory perspective, merely calling a token a utility token or structuring it to provide some utility does not prevent the token from being characterized as a security.34 According to SEC
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4021599-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4021599-022
text: Under SEC guidance a token sold for use or consumption by purchasers may fall outside classification as a security, and the SEC lists characteristics whose stronger presence makes a token less likely to be considered a security.
claim type: condition
topics: securities-law
topics: systemic-risk
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: SEC framework for investment contract analysis of digital assets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:4021599-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: According to SEC guidance, if a token is sold for use or consumption by purchasers it may not be classified as a security for regulatory purposes. The SEC provided a list of characteristics where, the stronger their presence,35 the less likely a token is to be considered a security.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-005
text: Dual listing narrows bid ask spreads in traditional markets by injecting liquidity, but crypto markets behave differently: price differences between two exchanges can reach upwards of five percent during peak trading times.
claim type: empirical
topics: economics
topics: defi
scope conditions: peak trading times
scope conditions: assets listed on multiple crypto exchanges
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 9

id: kaal:claim:4033886-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For traditional markets, when a security is dual- listed, we see the bid-ask spread decrease because additional liquidity is being injected into the market. This differs from the crypto market where the difference between the two exchanges can reach upwards of 5% during peak trading times.5
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-008
text: Even for the most liquid level one digital assets, managers may choose between the price on a favored exchange and an aggregate across exchanges, so the same asset can be reported at different values by different managers.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: defi
scope conditions: quoting level 1 digital assets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 9

id: kaal:claim:4033886-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For instance, when quoting level 1 securities, while some managers may use the price on their favored cryptocurrency exchange, others might take an aggregate the price from multiple exchanges.7
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-014
text: Redemption contracts, the traditional price commitment device for privately issued money, lack credibility, whereas pre programmed smart contracts deliver an enforceable and secure quantity commitment instead.
claim type: failure
topics: smart-contracts
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: issuers of privately issued money
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 41

id: kaal:claim:4033886-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such redemption contracts lack credibility.31 In contrast, the pre-programmed smart contract's enabled by cryptocurrencies facilitate an enforceable and secure quantity commitment.32
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-015
text: A programmed and enforceable quantity commitment secures a reliably positive value for Bitcoin because the governing source code is fully transparent on the blockchain and continuously verifiable.
claim type: mechanism
topics: disclosure
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: cryptocurrencies with observable open source code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:4033886-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For instance, a programmed enforceable quantity commitment ensures a reliable positive value of Bitcoin.33 Cryptocurrencies' observable source code are fully transparent on their respective blockchain and continuously verifiable.34
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-020
text: DCF currency translation breaks down for digital assets: no set discount rate or currency exchange forward curve exists for them, because they are not traded in exchange markets where closing prices are readily available and representative of fair value.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: DCF analysis where the projection currency is a digital asset rather than fiat
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:4033886-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, no such set discount rate or currency exchange forward curve is available for digital assets, as they are not traded in exchange markets where closing prices are readily available and representative of fair value.79
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-021
text: Principal to principal markets are generally not considered observable because little information about their transactions is publicly available, which pushes assets priced there out of the observable input levels.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: principal to principal markets
scope conditions: fair value input hierarchy
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:4033886-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: There is often little information about principal-to-principal transactions publicly available, and as such the markets are generally not considered observable.81
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-024
text: The Longstaff model's assumptions are inconsistent with reality on two fronts: investors do not have perfect timing, and its assumed volatility of ten to thirty percent is far below the volatility exceeding fifty percent typical of small stocks.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: application of the Longstaff model to small or highly volatile securities
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 13

id: kaal:claim:4033886-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The Longstaff model's underlying assumptions are inconsistent with the reality of perfect timing as well as the assumed volatility level between ten to thirty percent, yet small stocks typically have volatility exceeding fifty percent.113
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-026
text: The main obstacle to digital asset market liquidity may be that the number of token holders has not continued to expand exponentially year over year; a larger stakeholder base would deepen liquidity and permit seamless entry and exit.
claim type: mechanism
topics: defi
topics: tokenomics
topics: economics
scope conditions: centralized digital asset exchange markets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 12

id: kaal:claim:4033886-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The main issue may be that the number of token holders have not continued to expand exponentially year over year. Having a greater number of stake holders may result in the deeper liquidity in the market, which would in turn allow for seamless movement in and out of the market.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-035
text: Secondary trade pricing from exchanges is a legitimate market approach input for digital assets only when liquidity is high enough to rely on those prices; where liquidity is lacking or unreliable, a discount for lack of liquidity is required.
claim type: condition
topics: defi
topics: economics
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: market approach applied to tokens
scope conditions: liquidity and depth differ between token to token and token to fiat trades
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:4033886-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Secondary trade pricing (as seen in exchanges) are relevant when liquidity is high enough to rely on these prices.131
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4033886-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4033886-040
text: Uniform digital asset valuation standards can only evolve over time as the market evolves, because standard setting requires common core practices, and those practices are only slowly emerging.
claim type: condition
topics: economics
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: standard setting for digital asset valuation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 11

id: kaal:claim:4033886-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Such standards can evolve over time as the market evolves. Standard setting requires common core practices what are slowly evolving.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-011
text: Insider rug pulls are not the only exploit path: a DAO can also be attacked from the outside whenever its governance grants voting power through fungible tokens.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: governance voting power is denominated in fungible tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:4067783-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But these inside rug pulls are not the only exploitative mechanism within DAOs. DAOs can also be exploited from the outside if the DAO's governance allows fungible voting power.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-013
text: Dispersed, passive token holders cannot defend a DAO: because power in Build Finance DAO was not decentralized, the silent majority of token holders lacked the voting power to block the takeover, after which the attacker minted and sold tokens by draining liquidity pools.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: defi
scope conditions: low participation among dispersed token holders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:4067783-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Because of the lack of decentralized power in the Build Finance DAO, the silent majority of token holders did not have enough voting power to prevent the takeover. As a result, the attacker minted and sold various tokens by draining liquidity pools.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-014
text: Defending a DAO against attackers and looters, and punishing self-dealing, requires sustainable decentralized governance built on non-fungible tokens rather than tradable voting power.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:4067783-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The takeover of the Build Finance DAO highlights the need for sustainable decentralized governance solutions with non-fungible tokens to defend the DAO from attackers/looters and punish self- dealing.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-017
text: Workable DAO governance should account for reputation with non-fungible tokens or weighted keys rather than fungible tokens, so that voting weight tracks reputation instead of purchasing power.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:4067783-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 1. Non-fungible Tokens or weighted keys, among other electronic accounting methods as accounting for reputation score NOT fungible tokens
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-018
text: DAO governance should use a two vote model that distinguishes a loosely coupled vote, where no reputation is at stake, from a tightly coupled vote, where the voter's reputation is at stake.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:4067783-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 2. Two vote model a) loosely coupled vote (no reputation at stake), b) tightly coupled vote (reputation at stake)
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-019
text: Reputation in a DAO should be generated only for long term valuable work and for the policing of work, and never for business development work.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:4067783-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: 3. Reputation generated ONLY for long term valuable work and policing of work NOT for business development work
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-025
text: The friction generated by anonymous trolling can be mitigated through incentivized reputational architecture governed by protocols the community itself decides on, so anonymity does not have to corrupt DAO governance.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputational architecture is implemented correctly and community governed
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:4067783-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By contrast, if implemented correctly, anonymity significantly upgrades DAO governance. The friction that arises from anonymous trolling can be mitigated through the implementation of incentivized reputational architecture governed by protocols decided upon by the community.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-029
text: A meaningful reputation governance and accounting mechanism for motivating business and governance participation is what encourages mutually beneficial contributions to a DAO community.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: a meaningful reputation governance and accounting mechanism is in place
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:4067783-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A meaningful reputation governance and accounting mechanism for motivating business and governance participation encourages mutually beneficial contributions to the community.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-033
text: Braintrust demonstrates that innovation in work structure does not cure governance design: despite redefining work outcomes, it uses a suboptimal one token, one vote model that grants proportional control over network governance.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: governance by one token, one vote
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 65

id: kaal:claim:4067783-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Despite its advances in innovation for redefining work outcomes, Braintrust uses a suboptimal governance model with a one token, one vote system for proportional control over how the network is governed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4067783-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4067783-035
text: Proof of personhood projects such as Proof of Humanity and UBI DAO fail because they rest on web-of-trust theory, which has been proven not to work long-term given the sockpuppet attacks that are inevitable in that design.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: identity systems built on web-of-trust vouching
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 59

id: kaal:claim:4067783-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Of course, these attempts are all falling victim to web-of-trust theory that has been proven to not work long-term because the sockpuppet attacks that are inevitable in this design.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-002
text: Each DAO in the dataset was given a score between zero and ten by the analyzing teams on each of six factors: Decentralization, Work to Earn, Attack Resistance, Regulatory Compliance, Governance, and Organizational Communication.
claim type: definitional
topics: dao
topics: research-methods
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: compliance
scope conditions: scores assigned by the analyzing teams
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:4529715-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The six factors considered are: Decentralization, Work to Earn, Attack Resistance, Regulatory Compliance, Governance, and Organizational Communication. Each DAO was given a score between zero (0) and ten (10) by the analyzing teams
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-012
text: There is no consistent standard for DAO governance, which pushes each DAO to invent its own structure, and because decentralized governance is complex many of those structures fail to become truly decentralized, autonomous, or organized.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: absence of a governance standard
scope conditions: novelty of decentralized governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:4529715-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: There is no consistent standard for DAO governance. This leads many DAOs to develop their own governance structure. However, because of the complex nature of decentralized governance, many DAO governance structures fail to become truly decentralized, autonomous, or organized.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-028
text: Where a founder retains access to the smart contract behind the governance token, as with 3OH DAO, an internal attack by that founder would be remarkably easy.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: founder has not renounced ownership of the token smart contract
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:4529715-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If a DAO could have negative attack resistance, 3OH would be the DAO. With the founder having access to the smart contract, an internal attack by the founder would be remarkably easy.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-032
text: A reputation system that rewards voting with the majority, as Bridge Mutual uses, can be manipulated by users who create multiple wallets and always vote with the majority.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation derived solely from voting outcomes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 71

id: kaal:claim:4529715-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: reliance solely on voting outcomes may present some vulnerability, as it could potentially be manipulated by users creating multiple wallets and voting with the majority.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-033
text: Locking voted tokens for a period after a vote, as Nexus Mutual does for three days, prevents an attacker from using a flashloan to borrow a large amount of wrapped tokens and swing a vote with significant voting weight.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: token weighted voting with freely traded wrapped token
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:4529715-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This prevents anyone from using a flashloan to borrow a large amount of wNXM and unwrap the wNXM to NXM to sway a vote with a significant voting weight.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-034
text: Short-term incentives in a decentralized insurance mutual would motivate decision-makers never to pay a claim in order to maximize current profit; incentivizing long-term alignment instead motivates them to pay genuine claims because of the value of the resulting reputation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: decentralization
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: discretionary mutual where members decide claims
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:4529715-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Short-term focus would motivate decision-makers to never pay out any claim to maximize current profit. However, incentivizing long-term alignment motivates decision-makers to pay out genuine claims because of the significant value of the resulting positive reputation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-036
text: Requiring governance tokens to be earned through contribution rather than purchased, as GDN DAO does, leaves only minimal risk of 51 percent and sock puppet attacks even under a one token one vote structure.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: one token one vote with non purchasable tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:4529715-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While the voting structure of the DAO is a 1 token = 1 vote, tokens are not available for purchase. All governance tokens must be earned through contributions to the community.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-037
text: A DAO built on reputation rather than a fungible token, as CRDAO is, makes the 51 percent attack nearly impossible and renders sock puppet attacks technically possible but of little influence.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: reputation based governance
scope conditions: no fungible governance token
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 69

id: kaal:claim:4529715-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: CRDAO is fairly attack resistant because of its use of reputation. As a result, sock puppet attacks are technically possible, but would have little influence. CRDAO does not appear to have a fungible token, so the 51 percent attack is nearly impossible.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-038
text: Kleros has weak attack resistance because juror selection is proportional to staked fungible tokens; staking reputation rather than tokens to select jurors would remedy this.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: systemic-risk
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: reputation
scope conditions: token staked juror selection
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:4529715-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As such, Kleros has weak attack resistance. This could be changed by utilizing a reputation system to stake rather than tokens in order to select the jurors.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4529715-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4529715-039
text: Big Green DAO's committee unanimity and closed membership make attacks unlikely, but these same protections come at the expense of the decentralized organization the founders were trying to create.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: decentralization
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: vetted membership and unanimous committee approval
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:4529715-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, these principles really limit what a DAO is supposed to be so in a way it is secure, but also at the expense of the organization they were trying to create.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-003
text: Impact 1.0 foundations developed plutocratic power structures because their leaders and trustees were never democratically elected, and Impact 3.0 addresses this by adding WEB3 collaborative democratic measures on top of the existing foundation structures.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: private foundation governance
scope conditions: Impact 3.0 still relies on foundation structures
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:4685567-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: further improve Impact 1.0 private foundations by adding collaborative WEB3 democratic measures that address plutocratic power structures in Impact 1.0 foundations that originated in the lack of democratic elections of Impact 1.0 foundations' organizations' leaders or trustees.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-004
text: Because Impact 1.0 entrusted individual donors rather than donor collectives with identifying which problems to solve, individual philanthropists can reshape underfunded causes according to their own ideals without meaningful checks and balances or crowd wisdom.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: Impact 1.0 and 2.0 philanthropic strategies
scope conditions: high net worth individual and corporate donors
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:4685567-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Individual philanthropists can leverage underfunded causes and reshape them according to their ideals without significant checks and balances or crowd wisdom considerations.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-020
text: The two stage vote is the mechanism that produces consensus: a non binding test vote reveals how every donor assesses a project, after which donors can change their minds in the formal vote where their reputation tokens are at stake, and in practice decisions are made with unanimity.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: reputation tokens are staked in the formal vote
scope conditions: the chosen WEB3 decentralized governance design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:4685567-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Once every donor sees how all other donors assess the given project, they can jointly change their minds during the "formal vote" in which their respective reputation tokens are at stake. Typically, in this form of decentralized governance, all decisions are made with unanimity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-021
text: Retroactive public goods funding via results oracles in DAO format fails at the governance layer: even where the core resource distribution concept works, the project remains exposed to decentralized governance attack vectors because the governance design lacks attack resistance.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: results oracle operating as a DAO
scope conditions: retroactive public goods funding designs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:4685567-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The key downside of these types of oracles in DAO format are decentralized governance attack vectors. In other wods, even if the core concept of resource distribution works well enough, the overall projet is typically subject to the downsides that derive from lack of attack resistance
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-022
text: Hypercerts, like other WEB3 optimization attempts for impact certificates, lack the required verification of impact inputs inside decentralized governance settings that are attack proof.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: hypercerts as implemented at the time of writing
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:4685567-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Like other optimization attempts, Hypercerts often lack the require verification of impact inputs in decentralized governance settings that are attack proof.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-023
text: Donor community votes have no binding legal effect on the 501c3 that holds the assets, yet the board will in practice follow the publicly visible voting and staking outcomes because departing from them puts the board and its long term client base at risk.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: donor community does not pool assets or take custody
scope conditions: voting and staking outcomes are publicly visible
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:4685567-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: in effect it will adhere to the publicly visible voting and staking outcomes of the donor community on their chosen blockchain or centralized database. Not adhering to the choices made by the donor community risks the 501c3 board and its long-term client base.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-025
text: Weighted reputation voting has key advantages over WEB2 and WEB3 one token one vote mechanisms because it aligns each donor community member's individual incentives while simultaneously calibrating those incentives with the interests of the overall community.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation tokens are non fungible and chain agnostic
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 72

id: kaal:claim:4685567-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The use of weighted reputation voting has key advantages over other WEB2 and WEB3 one-token-one-vote voting mechanisms. It aligns incentives for donor community members individually and at the same time calibrates their incentives with the overall community.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-038
text: Impact certificates are an incomplete measure of expertise: they capture impact success in fungible economic terms without referring to the expertise actually developed by individual project community members or by the project as a collective, which is why WEB3 community software is needed for expertise tracking.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
scope conditions: expertise tracking for donors, secondary market participants and follow on funders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:4685567-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: impact certificates are mostly a fungible measure of impact success in economic terms without a direct reference to the inherent expertise developed by the individual project community members and the project as a collective.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-039
text: Because reputation merit scores are calculated in an immutable and attack resistant manner, they can be aggregated across the many communities an individual belongs to, producing a constantly evolving WEB3 identity score comparable to a credit score.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: WEB3 governance identity, distinguished from biometric or KYC proof of physical existence
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:4685567-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: scores are calculated in an immutable and attack-resistant manner. Therefore, the scores can be aggregated for an individual who is a member of many different communities. The aggregated score creates a constantly evolving identity score in WEB3 systems that can be compared with a credit score.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4685567-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-040
text: The voting logic makes impact community members work for themselves and for the community at the same time, which Kaal argues gives the system potential to create a reputation economy and forms of decentralized commerce that transcend capitalism and socialism.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
topics: economics
topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: dynamic community based governance system as described
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: speculative
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:4685567-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Through the voting logic, impact community members are incentivized to work for themselves while at the same time working to benefit the community overall.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-002
text: The smart contract industry is still projected to grow to several billion dollars over the next decade even though security audit costs and exploit losses are substantial, so vulnerability costs slow but do not halt industry growth.
claim type: predictive
topics: smart-contracts
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: economics
scope conditions: smart contract industry through roughly 2032
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4734750-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the smart contracts industry is still estimated to grow to several billion dollars in the next decade
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-003
text: Losses from smart contract vulnerabilities are large and growing, with 2021 losses alone estimated at 680 million dollars and cumulative global losses estimated at over 6 billion dollars.
claim type: empirical
topics: smart-contracts
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: empirical-evidence
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4734750-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In 2021 alone total financial loss from smart contract bugs was estimated at $680 million
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-004
text: Bug bounty programs fail at their own premise because the hackers they pay to demonstrate exploitability frequently sell or exploit the bugs they find instead of disclosing them.
claim type: failure
topics: compliance
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: smart-contracts
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: community audit and bug bounty programs for smart contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:4734750-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Alas, hackers often sell the bug or exploit them when they discover them.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-021
text: The Code Review DAO drives review prices down by running a decentralized, community driven review process built on a bidding process, combined with open access for any qualified reviewer rather than membership in a few firms.
claim type: design
topics: economics
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4734750-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: which facilitates a decentralized community-driven code review process that utilizes a bidding process on code reviews to drive prices down
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-024
text: Subjecting every review to crowd review and policing votes makes reviewers less likely to produce idiosyncratic reviews, because they would face slashing and loss of standing in the community.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: reviewers holding stakeable reputation within the DAO
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:4734750-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accordingly, code reviewers are less likely to engage in highly idiosyncratic reviews as they would need to fear slashing and loss of standing in the community.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-028
text: Fast community feedback enables development teams to take risks and move quickly through their governance and upgrade processes, which in turn accelerates growth and the scaling of experimentation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
topics: open-source-and-code
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:4734750-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: enables risk-taking for dev teams who wish to move quickly through their governance and upgrade process, which in turn enables accelerated growth and scaling of experimentation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-029
text: The community audit should proceed in two stages: an informal vote that reveals collective wisdom to all members, followed by a formal vote in which staked reputation tokens are at risk, and this sequence gives job posters significant quality assurances.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
topics: compliance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:4734750-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Once the entire community knows how each member feels about the code review examined, the CRDAO now votes in a formal vote in which the reputation tokens staked are at risk.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-036
text: A reliable reputation score substitutes for redundant labor: if a high reputation worker completes a task, required duplication can fall from fifteen workers to five or fewer, which is what allows micro task work to scale.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
scope conditions: decentralized platforms with portable, wallet linked reputation scores
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:4734750-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If a reliable and high reputation score worker completes the tasks, the duplication may be brought from 15 to 5 or less in the decentralized CRDAO setup. This enables unprecedented scaling of micro task work.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-037
text: Two sided reputation scores discipline both sides of the micro task market: workers become less likely to accept offers from low reputation requesters, and low reputation workers are less likely to be retained.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:4734750-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If requesters have a lower reputation score, workers become less likely to accept requesters
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4734750-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-040
text: Reputation token staking substitutes for identity verification: because staking makes the network attack resistant, workers can complete micro tasks without verifying identity, which removes the cost, delay, and privacy surrender of centralized approval and enlarges the available labor pool.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 72

id: kaal:claim:4734750-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The CRDAO architecture, and specifically its reputation token staking mechanism, make the CRDAO attack resistant.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4755632-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4755632-016
text: Gamification supplies quality control by making workers review and rate each other's contributions for points or recognition, which surfaces and resolves discrepancies through consensus-based voting or peer review rather than through duplicated independent work.
claim type: design
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: empirical-evidence
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:4755632-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Gamification can be utilized to improve data quality through mechanisms like consensus-based voting or peer review. Workers can review and rate each other's contributions, earning points or recognition for accurate and consistent work.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4755632-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4755632-019
text: The collective of reviewers in legacy code review is not incentivized to find flaws in the code, because the review is treated as the work product of the initial reviewer with minor input from follow-up reviewers rather than as a product of the collective.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: applies to legacy hierarchical code review firms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:4755632-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The collective of reviewers is also not incentivized to find flaws in the code to optimize code as a work product of the collective.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4755632-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4755632-030
text: Mandatory crowd review and policing votes make code reviewers less likely to submit highly idiosyncratic reviews, because idiosyncratic reviewers face slashing of their reputation token scores and loss of standing in the community.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: applies to reviews subject to CRDAO collective policing votes
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: code reviewers are less likely to engage in highly idiosyncratic reviews as they would need to fear slashing of rep token scores and loss of standing in the community.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4755632-034
type: Claim
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text: A sequenced two-stage vote, an informal community vote that reveals collective wisdom followed by a formal vote in which staked reputation tokens are at risk, gives job posters significant assurance that the reviewed code and the platform report meet the highest available quality standards.
claim type: design
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 63

id: kaal:claim:4755632-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the CRDAO now votes in a formal vote in which the reputation tokens30 staked are at risk. This sequence of votes provides job posters with significant assurances that the code examined and the Code Review Platform report on the code adheres to the highest standards of quality
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-035
type: Claim
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text: Reputation tokens are stipulated as non-transferable tokens that cannot be valued and that merely mirror a scoreboard of a member's reputation within the community, rather than functioning as tradable assets.
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topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: "Reputation Tokens" are non-transferable tokens that cannot be valued and represent the reputation a member has within the community. They simply mirror a scoreboard.
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-036
type: Claim
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text: Reputation scores on the ALE Platform balance supply and demand through a two-sided incentive: requesters with lower reputation scores find workers less likely to accept their offers, and workers with low reputation scores are less likely to be retained for micro task work.
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If requesters have a lower reputation score, workers become less likely to accept requesters' offers. In turn, low reputation scores for micro task workers result in a lower likelihood of retention
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-037
type: Claim
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text: The reputation score mechanism helps discern malicious actors from simple mistakes and protects workers and verifiers from fraudulent requesters and suboptimally designed requests, so reputation serves as a bidirectional screening device rather than only a worker rating.
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The reputation score mechanism helps discern malicious actors and simple mistakes. It also protects workers and verifiers from fraudulent requesters and suboptimally designed requests.
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-038
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text: Reputation based market dynamics lower the cost of duplication relative to centralized micro task work: where a reliable high reputation worker completes the task, duplication can fall from fifteen to five or fewer in a decentralized setup, which is what enables scaling of micro task work.
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topics: governance-design
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If a reliable and high reputation score worker completes the tasks, the duplication may be brought from 15 to 5 or less in the
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-040
type: Claim
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text: Paying workers a share of incoming compensation pro rata to their reputation scores makes rigor self-enforcing, because workers who do not engage with the required care lose their spot in the reputation rankings and thereby lose their share of the job fee distribution.
claim type: mechanism
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: they sacrifice their spot in the rankings of reputation scores which affects their participation in the job fee distribution, which is paid out pro rata to the respective reputation scores.
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-041
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text: Combining decentralized governance with gamification of micro task work is the condition under which gamification does not compromise dataset quality and accuracy, and this combination is what allows gamified micro task work to scale high-quality diverse datasets for AI learning.
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topics: governance-design
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id: kaal:claim:4755632-041:source-passage
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text: combination of decentralized governance and gamification of micro task work, ALE Platform ensures that gamification techniques do not compromise the quality and accuracy
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id: kaal:claim:4796714-004
type: Claim
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text: Ex-post governance, which applies regulation only after AI systems are developed and deployed or after large language models have been pretrained on existing proprietary datasets, fails to address risks and biases preemptively.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
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attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:4796714-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The traditional ex-post governance methods, where regulations are applied after AI systems are developed and deployed, or were pretrained LLMs models were trained on existing proprietary datasets, often fall short in preemptively addressing risks and biases.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-013
text: Blockchain can only deliver decentralized AI governance if the blockchain trilemma is first overcome, since decentralization, security, and scalability cannot readily be achieved simultaneously within one network.
claim type: condition
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topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: applies to blockchain networks used as governance infrastructure
scope conditions: necessary condition, not sufficient
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:4796714-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The effectiveness of blockchain in achieving the goal of decentralized AI governance is contingent upon overcoming the fundamental blockchain trilemma: the challenge of balancing decentralization, security, and scalability.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-015
text: When decentralization at the Layer 1 level is compromised, the autonomy of the smart contracts deployed on that chain is compromised by affiliation, so smart contracts are corruptible in the current design and cannot reliably serve as neutral instruments of ethical AI governance.
claim type: mechanism
topics: smart-contracts
topics: decentralization
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: applies where a few dominant parties influence the underlying Layer 1
scope conditions: holds under current blockchain design as of 2024
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:4796714-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: When the decentralization of Layer 1 blockchains is compromised, the autonomy of smart contracts is inherently jeopardized, undermining their effectiveness as tools for ethical AI governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-016
text: Decentralized governance structures impose their own costs: with no central authority to coordinate diverse stakeholders, consensus is difficult to reach, negotiations are prolonged, and enforcement of agreements is weak because no single entity is responsible for compliance.
claim type: failure
topics: decentralization
topics: institutional-design
topics: compliance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies to decentralized structures without a coordinating authority
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attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:4796714-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In decentralized systems, the lack of a central authority often leads to difficulties in coordinating and achieving consensus among diverse stakeholders, each with their own priorities and objectives. This can result in prolonged negotiations or weak enforcement of agreements
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id: kaal:claim:4796714-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-021
text: Until the known attack vectors on decentralized autonomous organizations are solved, DAO based AI governance solutions remain suboptimal; these include Sybil attacks, tyranny of the majority, Arrow's impossibility theorem, sockpuppet attacks, and tragedy of the commons.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: describes DAOs as set up and governed in the majority of cases in 2024
scope conditions: conditional on the attack vectors remaining unsolved
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 71

id: kaal:claim:4796714-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without solving these attack vectors, DAO related AI governance solutions remain suboptimal.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-022
text: AI powered DAOs that autonomously generate revenue are especially hard to regulate or dismantle, because the same blockchain security features that protect the organization also make it difficult to intervene once it is operational.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies to autonomously revenue generating AI DAOs
scope conditions: arises from blockchain immutability and security guarantees
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:4796714-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Furthermore, AI-powered DAOs that autonomously generate revenue pose unique challenges in regulation and potential dismantling, as the inherent security features of blockchain technology make it difficult to intervene or alter these entities once they are operational.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-024
text: Ex-ante regulation is preferable in principle but is neither practical nor sufficient inside legacy systems, precisely because legacy systems, unlike the web3 system proposed here, are not equipped to create dynamic feedback effects.
claim type: condition
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: comparison is between legacy regulatory infrastructure and web3 based governance
scope conditions: turns on the presence or absence of dynamic feedback effects
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:4796714-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: while ex ante regulation is preferable, it is not always practical or sufficient in legacy ssytems to address the dynamic challenges that AI technologies present because legacy systems, unlike web3 systems as proposed herein, are not typically equipped to create dynamic feedback effects.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-034
text: Routing proposals through the Forum and then through Validation Pool review is what allows the input parameters and learning data of AI systems to be governed by expert community consensus, because only vetted and consensus backed data and parameters reach AI development.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: education-and-practice
topics: dao
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: requires an operating DAO with reputation tokens and validation pools
scope conditions: applies to input parameters and training data selection
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 59

id: kaal:claim:4796714-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This process involves submitting proposals to the Forum and undergoing Validation Pool review, ensuring that only vetted and consensus-backed data and parameters are utilized in AI development.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-037
text: A decentralized data validation layer applied to pretrained models is efficient but structurally limited: because it cannot drive significant changes to the model's core design or training approach, it leaves the model more attack prone.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: applies to Model 2, the decentralized data validation layer approach
scope conditions: concerns pretrained models whose parameters are already fixed
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:4796714-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The validation layer approach, while efficient for refining pretrained models, may not facilitate significant changes in the model's core design or training approach which could make it more attack prone.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4796714-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-039
text: Model 3, web3 community governance combined with decentralized data and the AI model, is the superior of the three governance models compared, because it addresses shortcomings the other two leave in place.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: comparison is against Model 1 post-hoc governance and Model 2 data validation layers
scope conditions: assumes a functioning web3 community governance layer
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:4796714-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Yet, Model 3: "Web 3 Community Governance - Decentralized Data - AI Model" stands out for several reasons, potentially offering a superior approach when compared to the other two models.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4855607-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-001
text: Web3 community governance built on Weighted Directed Acyclic Graphs, validation pools with reputation staking, and a federated communications protocol provides an evolutionary approach to optimizing AI models rather than a static compliance layer over them.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: reputation
scope conditions: applies to the six AI model families the author examines: deep learning, federated learning, transformer, GNN, RL, and RLHF
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 76

id: kaal:claim:4855607-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The integration of web3 community governance, using Weighted Directed Acyclic Graphs (WDAGs) and validation pools with reputation staking in combination with a federated communications protocol, offers an evolutionary approach to AI model optimization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4855607-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-011
text: GNNs are vulnerable to adversarial attacks that target both node features and graph structure, and their lack of interpretability remains a major obstacle to applying them to real world problems.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: real world GNN deployments where adversaries can influence the graph
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:4855607-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: GNNs can be vulnerable to adversarial attacks on both node features and graph structure, and interpretability remains a major obstacle for applying GNNs to real-world problems.
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id: kaal:claim:4855607-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-021
text: Validation pools evaluate contributions democratically on the basis of staked tokens, and the outcome of that evaluation governs the minting of new reputation tokens, so community consensus on AI decisions is what determines standing in the system.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: the proposed web3 community governance architecture
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:4855607-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Validation Pools allow for the democratic evaluation of contributions based on staked tokens, with outcomes influencing the minting of new REP tokens that reflect community consensus on AI-related decisions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4855607-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-026
text: Requiring community members to stake reputation tokens in order to validate data quality is what produces robust and reliable training datasets, and this participatory validation improves annotation accuracy while reducing bias.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: education-and-practice
scope conditions: training data validation carried out by a reputation staking community
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:4855607-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Community members stake reputation tokens to validate data quality, ensuring robust and reliable datasets for training AI models. This participatory approach can improve data annotation accuracy and reduce biases.
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id: kaal:claim:4855607-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-029
text: In federated learning, validation pools coordinated by smart contracts should dispense rewards pro rata to the reputation a node has accumulated through productive work, so that incentives track a node's actual contribution to the model's learning rather than mere participation.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: federated learning where node contribution quality varies and must be motivated
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 59

id: kaal:claim:4855607-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: with validation pools that are smart contract coordinated to dispense rewards pro rata to the reputation scores a node may have accumulated through productive work. This mechanism ensures that nodes are incentivized based on their actual input to the AI model's learning.
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id: kaal:claim:4855607-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-032
text: GNNs and web3 systems optimize each other through mutual feedback effects, and it is this bidirectional learning, rather than one system merely serving the other, that produces an evolutionary dynamic optimization process.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: GNNs deployed inside the web3 systems they analyze
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:4855607-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The integration and optimization of AI models such as GNNs and web3 systems happens in feedback effects between the two systems. Through these feedback effects both systems learn constantly from and with each other which results in an evolutionary dynamic optimization process.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4855607-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-033
text: The RLHF process is exposed to failure because participants may hold potentially adversarial and misaligned interests, so the vulnerability lies in the incentive structure of feedback provision rather than in the learning algorithm.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: RLHF systems where feedback providers have divergent stakes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:4855607-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Currently, the RLHF process, which involves training AI models based on human preferences and feedback, can face challenges due to the potentially adversarial and misaligned interests of participants.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4855607-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-034
text: Distributing governance across all participants prevents any single entity from dominating decision making, and because model or training changes then require consensus, the resulting decisions reflect collective rather than individual interest.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: governance systems where change requires consensus among distributed participants
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:4855607-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By distributing governance across all participants, the proposed web3 community governance system ensures that no single entity can dominate the decision-making process. This structure promotes the alignment of incentives since changes to the model or the training process require consensus
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id: kaal:claim:4855607-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-035
text: Applying decentralized voting and consensus to RLHF permits human feedback to be verified before it is used to calibrate the Reward Model, which raises the integrity and reliability of the feedback data entering the model.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: RLHF pipelines where feedback can be verified prior to reward model training
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:4855607-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Applying these mechanisms to RLHF allows for the decentralized verification of human feedback before it's used to calibrate the RM, enhancing the integrity and reliability of the feedback data.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4855607-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4855607-037
text: Issuing non fungible reputation tokens that represent voting power, access rights, or entitlement to a share of the project's success creates an economic structure in which participants are directly invested in the success of the RLHF process.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: RLHF communities where retention and sustained participation matter
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:4855607-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The web3 system as proposed herein can issue non-fungible reputation tokens that represent voting power, access rights, or entitlement to a share of the project's success. This creates an economic structure where participants are directly invested in the success of the RLHF process
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-003
type: Claim
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text: Current cryptographic systems such as RSA rest on the classical difficulty of factoring large primes, so quantum algorithms like Shor's algorithm, which factor exponentially faster, can render those cryptographic methods obsolete.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: applies to factoring based cryptography such as RSA
scope conditions: requires sufficiently capable quantum hardware
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:4900878-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Quantum algorithms, such as Shor's algorithm, can factor these numbers exponentially faster, potentially rendering existing cryptographic methods obsolete.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-009
text: Financial entanglement operates through money and credit: credit products such as mortgages transmit quantum cognitive effects from individuals into the financial system and create a feedback loop between the individual and societal levels.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies to credit based financial systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:4900878-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Credit products, such as mortgages, act as a vector of transmission for quantum cognitive effects and create a feedback loop between the individual and societal levels.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-022
type: Claim
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text: Supply side mechanisms such as token burns, which permanently remove tokens from circulation, and staking, which locks tokens up in exchange for rewards, let a token economy balance supply and demand and thereby sustain stable growth.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: requires deliberate calibration of the incentive parameters
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:4900878-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By carefully designing these incentives, token economies can balance supply and demand, ensuring stable and sustainable growth.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-024
text: Because quantum economics models probabilities rather than certainties, it is better suited than deterministic models to capturing cryptocurrency price dynamics, and probabilistic models let economists better anticipate price movements and market behavior in decentralized markets.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: decentralized and volatile cryptocurrency markets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:4900878-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, quantum economics, with its focus on probabilities rather than certainties, offers a framework that is more suited to capturing these dynamics.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-025
text: Decentralized blockchain networks display an economic analogue of entanglement: a single participant's action, such as a large transaction, immediately propagates into token prices, network congestion, and the behavior of other participants.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: blockchain
topics: systemic-risk
topics: economics
scope conditions: decentralized blockchain networks
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 19

id: kaal:claim:4900878-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For example, a large transaction by a single user can influence token prices, network congestion, and even the behavior of other participants.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-026
type: Claim
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text: Tokens solve the quantification problem in quantum economics by serving as measurable units of value and governance: token denominated voting power in a DAO makes social influence and decision making power countable, supplying the consistent set of units the framework lacked.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: token based systems with on chain governance such as DAOs
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:4900878-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Tokenomics offers a practical solution through the use of tokens as quantifiable units of value and governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-027
text: Decentralized governance models such as DAOs answer the criticism that micro level quantum properties do not scale to the macro level, because DAOs demonstrate participatory governance structures that operate effectively in large, complex economies.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: large scale decentralized economies with DAO governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4900878-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Additionally, the use of decentralized governance models in tokenomics, such as DAOs, can address the criticism that quantum properties observed at the micro level do not scale up to the macro level.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-031
text: In blockchain transactions the signing function, performed by wallets holding cryptographic keys, is separate from execution, which occurs inside the smart contract, so tokens are never physically held in the same locality as the keys and the smart contract acts as the intermediary executing predefined rules.
claim type: definitional
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: smart-contracts
topics: defi
scope conditions: smart contract based blockchain transactions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:4900878-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This separation ensures that the tokens themselves are not physically held in the same locality as the keys.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-034
text: Quantum computing cuts both ways for blockchain: it can raise the efficiency and security of blockchain networks, but safeguarding those systems against the threats it also creates depends on research into quantum resistant cryptographic algorithms.
claim type: condition
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: as quantum computing capability advances
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:4900878-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Research into quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms will be crucial to safeguard blockchain systems against potential threats posed by quantum computing.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900878-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-036
text: A reputation governance layer that awards reputation tokens for contributions and behavior fosters trust and drives positive engagement within a token community, complementing DAO based token holder voting.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: dao
scope conditions: the VOW ecosystem as a case study
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:4900878-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the VOW ecosystem incorporates a reputation governance system, which rewards users with reputation tokens based on their contributions and behavior.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-005
text: Quantum algorithms such as Shor's algorithm can factor large prime numbers exponentially faster than classical computers, which potentially renders currently deployed cryptographic systems including RSA obsolete.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: assumes cryptographically relevant quantum computers become available
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:4900880-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Quantum algorithms, such as Shor's algorithm, can factor these numbers exponentially faster, potentially rendering existing cryptographic methods obsolete.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-006
type: Claim
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text: Trust and security in digital financial systems and decentralized networks cannot survive the arrival of quantum computing without quantum resistant cryptographic protocols, making the shift to quantum safe cryptography a precondition for the quantum economy rather than an optional upgrade.
claim type: condition
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:4900880-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This development necessitates the creation of quantum-resistant cryptographic protocols to secure transactions and data in the quantum economy. The shift towards quantum-safe cryptography will be critical to maintaining trust and security in digital financial systems and decentralized networks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-017
text: The integration of tokenomics with quantum economics turns the abstract concepts of the framework into working mechanisms, supplying practical instruments for decentralized finance and participatory governance.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: defi
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:4900880-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The integration of tokenomics with quantum economics operationalizes these abstract concepts, offering practical mechanisms for decentralized finance (DeFi) and participatory governance models.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-023
text: Workplace trust is a condition for technological change to empower employees: a one percentage point rise in technological change is associated with a 0.23 percentage point rise in perceived empowerment where trust exists, against only 0.10 percentage points where it does not.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: workplaces with and without established trust
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:4900880-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A one percentage point rise in technological change is associated with a 0.23 percentage point rise in perceived empowerment in workplaces with trust, compared to only a 0.10 percentage point rise in workplaces without much trust.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-031
text: Quantum computing will displace job roles built on repetitive and manual tasks, but that displacement is offset by new roles in quantum programming, algorithm design, and quantum cryptography that did not previously exist.
claim type: predictive
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:4900880-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, this displacement is counterbalanced by the creation of new opportunities in emerging fields such as quantum programming, algorithm design, and quantum cryptography.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-034
type: Claim
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text: Traditional hierarchical organizational structures are too slow to adapt to rapid technological change and stifle innovation through rigid control mechanisms, which is why they are unsuited to governing the quantum economy.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
topics: innovation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:4900880-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Traditional hierarchical structures are often slow to adapt to rapid technological changes and can stifle innovation through rigid control mechanisms.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-035
text: DAOs supply a more flexible and dynamic governance model than hierarchy because they permit real time evolutionary adjustment of governance rules and decentralized decision making.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4900880-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In contrast, DAOs offer a more flexible and dynamic approach to governance, allowing for real-time evolutionary and dynamic adjustments and decentralized decision-making.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-036
text: DAO accountability comes from the recording mechanism itself: because all transactions and decisions are written to an immutable blockchain that every stakeholder can inspect, no single actor can easily manipulate or obscure organizational activity.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dao
topics: disclosure
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:4900880-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: All transactions and decisions are recorded on an immutable blockchain, accessible to all stakeholders. This transparency ensures accountability by making it difficult for any single actor to manipulate or obscure organizational activities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-037
text: Encoding compliance and operational procedures in smart contracts removes discretionary human steps from execution, which minimizes human error and bias and raises the reliability and integrity of economic interactions.
claim type: mechanism
topics: smart-contracts
topics: compliance
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:4900880-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By automating compliance and operational procedures through smart contracts, DAOs can minimize human error and bias, thereby enhancing the reliability and integrity of economic interactions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4900880-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900880-039
text: Combining quantum computing with blockchain and DAO frameworks makes a governance model possible that is simultaneously transparent, decentralized, and adaptive, supporting efficient and fair resource distribution and continuous innovation.
claim type: design
topics: blockchain
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 34

id: kaal:claim:4900880-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By integrating quantum computing with blockchain and DAO frameworks, a new era of transparent, decentralized, and adaptive governance is possible.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4941807-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-008
text: The opacity of deep learning models obstructs debugging, obscures the detection and mitigation of bias, and prevents comprehension of how AI decisions are reached.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: reputation
scope conditions: particularly in deep learning models whose internal decision mechanisms are not transparent
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 59

id: kaal:claim:4941807-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This opacity can obstruct the debugging process, obscure bias detection and mitigation, and hinder comprehension of AI decision-making.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4941807-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-012
text: Federated learning does not eliminate privacy risk, because although the data stays decentralized the protocol still exchanges model parameters, and those parameters can expose sensitive information if intercepted or improperly handled.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: in federated learning deployments that exchange model parameters
scope conditions: where parameters can be intercepted or mishandled
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 67

id: kaal:claim:4941807-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: These challenges arise because, while FL keeps data decentralized, it still involves the exchange of model parameters, which could potentially expose sensitive information if intercepted or improperly handled.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4941807-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-017
text: As AI systems come to depend on vast data, personal information is converted from a resource the individual could control and deploy at discretion into a fundamental operational input for AI systems, which increases the potential for misuse and makes it harder for individuals to manage how their data is used.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: where AI operation requires large volumes of personal data
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:4941807-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As AI technologies evolve, they rely heavily on vast amounts of data, transforming personal information from a resource that individuals could control and use at their discretion into a fundamental operational tool for AI systems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4941807-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-019
text: Smart contracts can automate compliance with regulatory requirements and ethical guidelines: for example, a smart contract can enforce privacy law directly by controlling an AI system's access to personal data according to predefined rules.
claim type: mechanism
topics: smart-contracts
topics: compliance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: blockchain
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 67

id: kaal:claim:4941807-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: They can be used to automate compliance with regulatory requirements and ethical guidelines. For instance, smart contracts can automatically enforce privacy laws by controlling AI's access to personal data based on predefined rules.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4941807-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-021
text: In the federated model of AI governance many challenges cannot easily be decentralized, because distinct entities maintain their own AI systems and datasets, producing variation in standards, protocols, and formats that obstructs a unified governance framework.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: decentralization
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:4941807-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the federated model of AI governance, many challenges cannot be easily decentralized. For example, different entities or organizations maintain their own AI systems and datasets. This can lead to variations in standards, protocols, and formats used
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4941807-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-022
text: When decision making power is distributed across multiple entities in a federated model, consensus and cooperation become harder to reach, which makes cohesive AI governance mechanisms difficult to establish.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: institutional-design
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 70

id: kaal:claim:4941807-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In a federated model, where decision-making power is distributed across multiple entities, it becomes harder to achieve consensus and cooperation, making it challenging to establish cohesive AI governance mechanisms.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:4941807-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-025
text: Kaal proposes that a more decentralized Web3 model of AI governance can address the failures of the federated model by distributing governance more equitably across network participants, so that no single entity dominates decision making.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
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topics: ai-and-agents
topics: dao
scope conditions: where governance rights are distributed across network participants
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:4941807-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A more decentralized web3 model of AI governance as proposed here could ostensibly address these challenges in a federated AI governance model by distributing governance more equitably across network participants.
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id: kaal:claim:4941807-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-028
text: Kaal's proposed answer to the decentralized governance needs of AI is to implement Decentralized Autonomous Organizations that govern AI through expert community consensus.
claim type: design
topics: dao
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id: kaal:claim:4941807-028:source-passage
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text: One promising way to address the decentralized governance needs of AI pertains to the implementation of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) for the governance of AI through expert community consensus.
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id: kaal:claim:4941807-030
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text: Validation Pools are the consensus mechanism of the proposed system: an author's stakes are pooled to evaluate a specific forum post, and the outcome of the pool can mint new reputation tokens that reflect community consensus on that contribution.
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id: kaal:claim:4941807-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Validation Pool (VP) form a crucial mechanism where an author's stakes are pooled to evaluate specific posts within the forum. The outcome of a VP can lead to the minting of new REP tokens, reflecting the consensus on a given issue or contribution.
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id: kaal:claim:4941807-033
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text: Under the proposed model the input parameters and learning data of AI systems are themselves governed by expert community consensus, through submission of proposals to the Forum and review by Validation Pool, so that only vetted and consensus backed data and parameters enter AI development.
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topics: ai-and-agents
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topics: consensus-and-security
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id: kaal:claim:4941807-033:source-passage
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text: the input parameters and learning data for AI systems can be governed through expert community consensus. This process involves submitting proposals to the Forum and undergoing Validation Pool review,
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-005
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text: Inconsistent application of a proliferating body of law by different judges and regulatory bodies produces unpredictable legal outcomes, which increases litigation as parties seek judicial clarification and in turn undermines public confidence in the legal system.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-005:source-passage
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text: Inconsistencies in the application of laws by different judges or regulatory bodies can result in unpredictable legal outcomes, thereby increasing litigation as parties seek judicial clarification. This inconsistency further undermines public confidence in the legal
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-006
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text: As law becomes more detailed and specialized it becomes less accessible to the general public, which complicates citizens' ability to understand the rules governing them and discourages engagement and participation in democratic processes.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-006:source-passage
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text: less accessible to the general public, complicating citizens' ability to understand and engage with the rules that govern their lives. This lack of accessibility and transparency can discourage public engagement and participation in democratic processes
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text: Web2 platform architecture is a causal contributor to distrust in legal institutions: centralized models driven by engagement metrics prioritize sensationalism over nuanced discourse, which accelerates misinformation and echo chambers and magnifies public distrust.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-007:source-passage
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text: This design incentivizes the rapid spread of both information and misinformation, often amplifying extreme viewpoints and fostering echo chambers. As a result, these platforms can magnify public distrust in legal institutions
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-011
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text: Sunset provisions likely increase rents extracted by interest groups and entrench current majoritarian preferences, and they can create planning problems for both public and private actors.
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confidence: evidenced
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-011:source-passage
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text: rather than genuine policy improvement. Sunset provisions also likely increase rents from interest groups, entrench current majoritarian preferences, which can at times produce planning conundrums for public and private actors.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-016
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text: Sunset provisions in tax law do not deliver fiscal restraint, because shifting baselines, exceptions to budget rules, and the difficulty of accurately costing temporary legislation undermine their theoretical benefits.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-016:source-passage
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text: Complexities such as shifting baselines, exceptions to budget rules, and the challenges of accurately assessing the costs of temporary legislation undermine the theoretical benefits of sunset provisions in promoting fiscal restraint.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-029
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text: Web3 systems answer the web2 pathology at the architectural level rather than the content level: decentralized, transparent, community governed designs eliminate the centralized control that drives misinformation and echo chambers, and substitute transparency, decentralization, and user control.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-029:source-passage
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text: Unlike Web2 platforms, Web3 systems aim to eliminate the centralized control that exacerbates the spread of misinformation and the creation of echo chambers. Instead, they prioritize transparency, decentralization, and user control,
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-030
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text: The proposed system stipulates a forum as an on chain collection of uniquely identified posts that may cite prior contributions, and this citation structure is what constitutes the Weighted Directed Acyclic Graph.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-030:source-passage
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text: The web3 community as proposed herein operates a forum as an on-chain collection of posts, each uniquely identified and possibly citing previous contributions. This forum forms a Weighted Directed Acyclic Graph (WDAG), facilitating organized discussion and citation among participants.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-031
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text: Validation pools are the consensus mechanism of the proposed system: author stakes are pooled to evaluate specific forum posts, and the outcome can mint new reputation tokens that record the community's consensus on a contribution.
claim type: design
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topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: where participants stake reputation on the evaluation of specific posts
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confidence: asserted
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-031:source-passage
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text: Validation Pool (VP) form a crucial mechanism where author stakes are pooled to evaluate specific posts within the forum. The outcome of a VP can lead to the minting of new REP tokens, reflecting the consensus on a given issue or contribution.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-033
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text: In the WDAG system a legal precedent or rule that gains favor because it is effective automatically receives a higher weight, and that weight is set by user preferences and citations rather than by any legislative act.
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topics: reputation
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scope conditions: where citation and user preference data are recorded on chain
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confidence: asserted
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:4957318-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the WDAG system, when a new legal precedent or rule gains favor due to its effectiveness, it automatically receives a higher weight in the system based on user preferences and citations.
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-038
type: Claim
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text: Political resistance to repeal dissolves under the WDAG model because a rule that loses substantial backing simply diminishes in relevance through the citation mechanism, with no external legislative act of repeal to contest.
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confidence: asserted
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id: kaal:claim:4957318-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: dynamically reflecting evolving support or opposition to legal precedents through a citation mechanism. If a legal rule loses substantial backing, its relevance diminishes organically within the WDAG framework, without the need for external legislative intervention.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-012
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text: The governance protocols required for GDPR and AI Act compliance, including anonymization, data minimization, and explicit consent, themselves complicate the assembly of robust AI training datasets.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-012:source-passage
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text: which may include anonymization, data minimization, and explicit consent where applicable. These measures can, however, complicate the collection and curation of robust datasets for AI training.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-022
type: Claim
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text: Centralizing annotation data inside a small number of vendor firms creates a standing risk of breach or misuse that can produce legal liability and loss of trust in AI technologies.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As data is centralized in these companies, there's always a risk of data breaches or misuse, which could lead to legal issues or loss of trust in AI technologies.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-025
type: Claim
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text: Transparent DAO governance lets platforms compensate contributors according to demonstrated expertise and reputation, which mitigates the exploitative labor practices associated with centralized annotation services.
claim type: mechanism
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scope conditions: governance is genuinely transparent and reputation is verifiable
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By implementing transparent governance mechanisms—often in the form of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations ("DAOs")—these ventures can equitably compensate data contributors based on demonstrated expertise and reputation, thus mitigating exploitative labor practices
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-031
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text: The reputation systems of SingularityNET, Fetch.ai, Ocean Protocol, Numeraire, and DcentAI are structurally insufficient for a fully decentralized Mechanical Turk model of large-scale AI dataset creation, offering only incremental innovation.
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topics: reputation
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-031:source-passage
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text: While these platforms offer incremental innovations in how contributors are evaluated and rewarded, they remain structurally insufficient for a fully decentralized "Mechanical Turk" model of large-scale AI dataset creation.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-032
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text: Linking every contributor action and every piece of data to on-chain governance elements within a structured graph is what enables real-time community oversight, iterative updates, and granular reputation tracking in the WDAG model.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
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scope conditions: contributions and governance elements are recorded on chain
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By enabling every contributor action and piece of data to be linked to on-chain governance elements in a structured graph, the WDAG model supports real-time community oversight, iterative updates, and granular reputation tracking.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-033
text: Reputation for AI dataset governance must be multi-dimensional rather than a single numeric score, which the author operationalizes as weighted nodes and directed edges in a WDAG.
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-033:source-passage
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text: By establishing a forum of weighted nodes and directed edges, WDAG provides a multi-dimensional view of contributors' work, ensuring that reputation is not limited to a single numeric score.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-035
text: Because Fetch.ai's reputation metrics do not adjust to evolving ethical, legal, and community standards, the platform risks entrenching biases and outdated practices.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: reputation
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attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: the platform risks reinforcing biases or outdated practices if metrics are insufficiently aligned with changes in societal expectations or regulatory norms.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-036
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text: Ocean Protocol's market-driven reputation signal is too indirect: it does not measure individual expertise or annotation consistency, and market forces lag behind real-time shifts in best practices and ethical standards.
claim type: failure
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: this indirect feedback loop does not thoroughly account for the individual expertise or consistency of data annotation work. Market forces can lag behind real-time changes in best practices or ethical standards, leaving critical gaps in data quality and compliance.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5095633-037
text: Numeraire's staking and prediction-based reputation mechanism, tuned to predictive accuracy, overlooks the ethical and contextual concerns that characterize AI dataset governance.
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topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: diverse dataset tasks such as medical annotation and content moderation
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The narrow focus on predictive accuracy overlooks the broader ethical and contextual concerns that characterize AI governance.
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-038
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text: A single reputation score, as used by DcentAI, cannot capture the interdependencies among privacy concerns, domain-specific regulation, and real-time ethical updates that dataset governance requires.
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scope conditions: multi-domain dataset quality with evolving standards
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id: kaal:claim:5095633-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The current framework may struggle to capture interdependencies between various data facets—such as privacy concerns, domain-specific regulations, and real-time ethical updates—within a single reputation score.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5225296-001
type: Claim
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text: An abrupt transition from Proof of Stake to Secure Proof of Stake would destabilize networks built on stake-based incentives, because stake is a fungible economic asset and reputation is non-fungible social capital, and the two operate on fundamentally different principles.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: reputation
scope conditions: networks whose validator participation depends on stake-based incentives
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: An abrupt transition could destabilize networks reliant on stake-based incentives, as stake (a fungible economic asset) and reputation (a non-fungible social capital) operate on fundamentally different principles, potentially disrupting validator participation and network integrity
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-009
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text: Because governance is embedded in the protocol rather than conducted off-chain, SPoS could enact protocol changes in weeks or days where Bitcoin's miner and developer negotiation process takes years.
claim type: predictive
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: assumes functioning on-chain governance forums
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-009:source-passage
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text: For example, whereas Bitcoin's upgrade process can take years due to miner-developer negotiations, SPoS's embedded governance could enact changes in weeks or days, mirroring the agility of Tendermint's consensus model
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-010
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text: On-chain governance systems outperform traditional governance models in responsiveness only if they incorporate robust anti-collusion measures, a requirement SPoS meets through its cryptographic commitments.
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topics: dao
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-010:source-passage
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text: Recent studies of on-chain governance in DAOs suggest that such systems can outperform traditional models in responsiveness, provided they incorporate robust anti-collusion measures—a challenge SPoS addresses through its cryptographic commitments
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-011
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text: Reputation functions as a social incentive that complements monetary reward and sustains cooperation in trustless environments, a behavioral mechanism unavailable to purely stake-weighted consensus systems.
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topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:5225296-011:source-passage
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text: Behavioral economics provides a lens for understanding this shift: reputation acts as a social incentive, complementing monetary rewards and fostering cooperation in trustless environments
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-020
text: Recursive zk-SNARK optimizations compress proof generation from seconds to milliseconds while preserving constant-time verification, which is what makes zero-knowledge voting deployable in a protocol running microsecond-scale reputation updates.
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-020:source-passage
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text: compress proof generation from seconds to milliseconds while preserving constant-time verification, aligning with SPoS's need for rapid governance operations under microsecond-scale reputation updates
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id: kaal:claim:5225296-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-027
text: SPoS's reliance on a reputation-based system introduces vulnerabilities absent from PoW and traditional PoS, most notably Sybil attacks, collusion risks, and reputation manipulation, which could undermine its decentralized governance and consensus if not robustly addressed.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:5225296-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, its innovative reliance on a reputation-based system introduces vulnerabilities—most notably Sybil attacks, collusion risks, and reputation manipulation—that could undermine the integrity of its decentralized governance and consensus processes
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5225296-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-028
text: Sybil attack risk is amplified in reputation-driven systems relative to stake-based ones, because influence derives from behavioral metrics that an attacker can mimic across many pseudonymous identities.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: reputation-driven consensus systems where influence stems from behavioral metrics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:5225296-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In reputation-driven systems, this threat is amplified as influence stems from behavioral metrics rather than stake, enabling attackers to mimic legitimate activity across numerous identities
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5225296-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-030
text: Cryptography alone is insufficient for a reputation-based consensus system: SPoS's cryptographic toolkit resists direct tampering, but reputation-based exploits require separate strategic countermeasures.
claim type: condition
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:5225296-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: While SPoS's cryptographic toolkit resists direct tampering, it requires strategic countermeasures to address these reputation-based exploits
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5225296-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-031
text: Weighted voting defeats Sybil attacks because ECDSA signatures and zk-SNARKs authenticate every platform action, so reputation cannot be artificially inflated by identities that lack genuine contribution.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: requires that all platform actions be cryptographically authenticated and reputation be recorded on chain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 65

id: kaal:claim:5225296-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This approach utilizes cryptographic verification—via ECDSA signatures and zk-SNARKs—to authenticate actions, ensuring that reputation cannot be artificially inflated by Sybil identities lacking genuine effort
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5225296-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-033
text: Weighted voting reduces Sybil attack success rates by over eighty-five percent, but only where reputation is openly auditable.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: compliance
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: reputation must be openly auditable
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:5225296-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Simulations of reputation-based systems suggest that weighted voting reduces Sybil attack success rates by over 85% when reputation is openly auditable
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-002
text: Distributing monitoring across federated communication nodes, such as Matrix with its Synapse server, scales oversight of AI agent activity while improving privacy, because sensitive data is processed locally instead of being pooled in one central repository.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: compliance
scope conditions: federated node architecture
scope conditions: sensitive transaction data
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:5245185-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: federated model not only scales the monitoring process efficiently but also enhances data privacy by processing sensitive information locally rather than in a single centralized repository.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-003
text: Because blockchain records a verifiable and immutable history of data provenance and alterations, it mitigates data poisoning risk and supports the claim that AI models were trained on genuine datasets.
claim type: mechanism
topics: blockchain
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: education-and-practice
scope conditions: training data recorded on chain
scope conditions: systems relying on large language models
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 59

id: kaal:claim:5245185-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Blockchain establishes a verifiable record of data provenance and alterations, essential for sustaining trust and mitigating risks such as data poisoning, thereby ensuring AI models are trained on genuine datasets.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-005
text: Decentralized cryptocurrency rails let AI agents autonomously control digital wallets, securing private keys, monitoring balances, and managing multiple addresses, without requiring human or institutional authorization.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: blockchain based payment rails without centralized intermediaries
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:5245185-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: enables AI agents to autonomously oversee digital wallets—securing private keys, monitoring balances, and managing multiple addresses—without requiring human or institutional authorization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-008
text: AI autonomy introduces unpredictability: agent actions may diverge from intended outcomes, which amplifies the risk of unintended ramifications.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: autonomous agents acting without step by step human authorization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:5245185-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: AI autonomy introduces unpredictability, wherein actions may diverge from intended outcomes, amplifying risks of unintended ramifications.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-023
text: Treating DAOs as monitoring entities assumes a static governance model that cannot keep pace with the rapid proliferation and sophistication of AI agents.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: conventional DAO governance applied to AI agent oversight
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:5245185-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The evolution of DAOs as monitoring entities assumes a static governance model117 incapable of keeping pace with the rapid proliferation and sophistication of AI agents.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-034
text: Making governance decisions collectively through web3 consensus minimizes bias and single points of failure, because oversight is no longer subject to the limitations or errors of a solitary AI system.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: consensus driven decision making among diverse stakeholders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:5245185-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: decentralized approach minimizes the risk of bias and single points of failure, as governance decisions are made collectively rather than being subject to the limitations or potential errors of a solitary AI system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-035
text: Smart contract governance reduces the potential for human error and guarantees consistent application of governance protocols, features often lacking in purely AI driven supervision, although consensus delays may occur.
claim type: design
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: predefined self enforcing rules executed on chain
scope conditions: community established governance rules
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 60

id: kaal:claim:5245185-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: reduces the potential for human error, and guarantees a consistent application of governance protocols—features that are often lacking in purely AI-driven supervisory models, though consensus delays may occur.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-036
text: Validation Pools are stipulated as mechanisms in which members stake non transferable reputation tokens to vote on the approval or disapproval of transactions, proposals, or activities, and this staking mechanism carries the paper's decentralized quality control function.
claim type: definitional
topics: reputation
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: web3 governance with non transferable reputation tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 64

id: kaal:claim:5245185-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Validation Pools are mechanisms in which members stake their reputation tokens to vote on the approval or disapproval of transactions, proposals, or activities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-039
text: Taken together, the transparency, decentralized decision making, and automated real time response properties of the proposed model make decentralized governance superior to AI driven supervision for secure, compliant, and efficient execution of AI agent transactions.
claim type: normative
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: compliance
scope conditions: monitoring of AI agent transaction execution in modern digital infrastructures
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:5245185-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: demonstrate that a decentralized governance model is superior to AI-driven supervision for ensuring the secure, compliant, and efficient execution of AI agent transactions in modern digital infrastructures.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5245185-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-040
text: The feedback loop mechanism that makes the proposed DAO centric web3 governance system adaptive to AI agent evolution and ubiquity is the same mechanism the author has advocated for almost a decade.
claim type: design
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: WDAG based dynamic governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:5245185-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Leveraging feedback loops—as author has advocated for almost a decade—it adapts to AI agents' rapid evolution and ubiquity, ensuring efficient, fruitful oversight.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-004
text: Reputation based governance allocates decision power by past contribution and community standing, which promotes transparency and trust, but reputation is difficult to measure objectively.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: dao
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: DAOs allocating voting power by contribution history, community feedback, or peer review
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 60

id: kaal:claim:5254152-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This model allocates decision-making power based on participants' past contributions and reputation within the community, promoting transparency and trust but challenging to measure objectively.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-013
text: Low attack resistance in DAOs is typically caused by the use of easily purchasable or transferable governance tokens, which leave the organization vulnerable to attacks such as 51 percent and Sybil attacks.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: DAOs whose voting power is embodied in freely purchasable or transferable tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:5254152-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Lower scores indicate vulnerability to attacks, often due to the use of easily purchasable or transferable governance tokens.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-014
text: High governance scores require explicit mechanisms that prevent common governance failures, specifically the tyranny of the majority and the tragedy of the commons, such as reputation based voting, multi round voting, or incentive alignment.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: the paper's governance scoring criterion
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:5254152-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: High scores, such as 9 or 10, indicate the presence of mechanisms to prevent common governance failures, such as the tyranny of the majority or the tragedy of the commons.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-016
text: DAOs that rely on third party communication platforms and offer no incentives for engagement suffer impaired coordination and efficiency across the organization.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: DAOs without dedicated communication platforms or participation incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:5254152-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Lower scores suggest reliance on third-party platforms and a lack of incentives for engagement, which can impair the organization's overall coordination and efficiency.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-027
text: Requiring users to purchase governance tokens in order to vote both centralizes power in majority token holders and leaves the DAO highly vulnerable to 51 percent and sock puppet attacks, as illustrated by Gelato DAO which scored 1 on both decentralization and attack resistance.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
topics: dao
scope conditions: DAOs where voting requires purchasing fungible governance tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:5254152-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It is highly centralized as users must purchase governance tokens to vote, limiting power to majority token holders (D: 1). The platform is highly vulnerable to 51% and sock puppet attacks due to the purchasable governance tokens (A: 1).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-031
text: Procedural governance safeguards such as two step voting with temperature checks do not produce genuine decentralization when the governance token remains purchasable; in MakerDAO's case the purchasable token renders true decentralization nominal.
claim type: failure
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: DAOs combining multi stage voting with freely purchasable governance tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:5254152-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The governance process includes 2-step voting with temperature checks, but the purchasable governance token makes true decentralization nominal (G: 4).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-036
text: A governance design aimed at democratic balance can still centralize power over time when the token supply is fixed, as recorded for MoonDAO.
claim type: failure
topics: tokenomics
topics: decentralization
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: DAOs with a fixed governance token supply
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:5254152-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: aims for democratic balance but the fixed token supply could result in centralized power over time (G: 4)
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-037
text: Tiered membership models that tie governance rights and influence to token holdings introduce imbalance and a centralization element into DAO governance, as scored for Bankless DAO.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: decentralization
topics: dao
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: DAOs with contributor tiers or access levels keyed to token ownership
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:5254152-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The tiered membership model ties rights and influence to token holdings, creating an imbalance and centralization element in its governance (G: 4).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-038
text: Reliance on fungible, publicly tradable governance tokens undermines a protocol's resilience by exposing it to risks such as 51 percent attacks, as scored for Push Protocol.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: DAOs whose governance tokens trade on open markets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:5254152-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Its resilience is undermined by the fungible, publicly tradable $PUSH tokens, which expose it to risks such as 51% attacks (A: 2).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5254152-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5254152-039
text: A tiered voting system that combines temperature checks with token holder percentage thresholds robustly defends a DAO against common attacks, as reflected in Arbitrum's attack resistance score of 8.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: DAOs implementing multi stage voting with participation thresholds
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:5254152-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The tiered voting system incorporating temperature checks and token holder percentages robustly defends against common DAO attacks
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-002
text: LER should be built as a bifurcated architecture: voucher-based rewards for equities held in brokerage accounts, and programmable on-chain reward units for tokenized equities.
claim type: design
topics: tokenomics
topics: smart-contracts
scope conditions: issuer serves both off-chain brokerage holders and on-chain token holders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:5454054-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: LER employs a bifurcated architecture: voucher-based rewards for brokerage-held equities and programmable, on-chain reward units for tokenized equities.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-003
text: Retailer-issued stablecoins operate as an onchain Eurodollar play: they decentralize the creation of dollar-denominated liquidity, which reduces transaction costs and disintermediates traditional banks and their fees.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: merchant issues a dollar-pegged token backed by reserves
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:5454054-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Retailer-issued stablecoins function as an onchain Eurodollar play that enables the decentralized creation of dollar-denominated liquidity, thus reducing transaction costs, and disintermediating traditional banking systems and their fees.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-006
text: Because LER requires no lock-up of the underlying equity or token, it increases liquidity and reduces sell pressure on the underlying asset, unlike conventional staking-style loyalty schemes.
claim type: mechanism
topics: defi
scope conditions: rewards accrue on the basis of verified holding duration rather than escrowed assets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 15

id: kaal:claim:5454054-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: But, LER does not require lock-ups for the underlying equity or token assets, thus increasing liquidity and reducing sell pressure on the underlying equity or token assets.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-017
text: Verification of off-chain equities held in brokerage accounts is a core implementation obstacle for LER, and before tokenized listings it required comparatively complex hybrid pipelines using off-chain attestations and zero-knowledge proofs.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: equities held in traditional brokerage accounts rather than on-chain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:5454054-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As such, it addresses a core implementation challenge for LER, that is, the verification of off-chain equities held in brokerage accounts. Previously that verification required comparatively complex hybrid pipelines involving off-chain attestations and privacy-preserving technologies like ZKPs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-021
text: Making LER rewards utility-only and non-transferable, in the manner of soulbound tokens, is what keeps them functioning as loyalty incentives rather than speculative assets and is what aligns them with MiCA and SEC exemptions.
claim type: condition
topics: tokenomics
topics: securities-law
scope conditions: rewards issued as non-transferable credits or soulbound tokens
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:5454054-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Second, LER voucher rewards are utility-only and non-transferable, similar to soulbound tokens (SBTs). This ensures they function as voucher loyalty incentives rather than speculative assets, thus aligning with regulatory exemptions under MiCA and SEC frameworks.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-027
text: A disciplined, jurisdiction-specific controls framework should be treated as a condition precedent to launching LER, not as a matter to be resolved after deployment.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: compliance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: cross-border LER deployments
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:5454054-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A disciplined, jurisdiction-specific controls framework should therefore be treated as a condition precedent to LER launch.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-031
text: LER must maintain a visible separation between equity tenure verification and reward attribution, so that vouchers operate as loyalty entitlements and do not represent equities, dividends, or profit shares.
claim type: design
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: securities-law
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: holding period used only as a trigger, not as a claim on returns
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:5454054-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A key legal compliance strategy for LER is maintaining an obvious separation between equity tenure verification and reward attribution. This separation ensures voucher loyalty rewards function as loyalty entitlements without representing equities, dividends, or profit shares.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-032
text: Because Landreth holds that instruments carrying equity attributes such as dividends or voting rights are securities, LER rewards cannot include any such features and must function as independent loyalty perks.
claim type: condition
topics: securities-law
topics: systemic-risk
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: United States securities law
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:5454054-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This is reinforced by SEC v. Landreth Timber Co. (1985), where the court held that stock sales are securities if they carry equity attributes like dividends or voting rights. Therefore, LER rewards cannot include such features.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-033
text: AML obligations for LER should be right-sized: zero-knowledge proofs or anonymized attestations should minimize identity collection for non-transferable rewards, with VASP-grade measures applied only where transferability exists.
claim type: design
topics: compliance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: non-transferable rewards versus transferable rewards
scope conditions: GDPR privacy obligations apply
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:5454054-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: LER should employ ZKPs or anonymized attestations to minimize identity collection for non-transferable rewards, applying VASP-grade measures only where transferability exists, balancing compliance with GDPR privacy obligations.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5454054-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5454054-036
text: Before launch, an LER program requires a defined governance package: classification memoranda, financial promotions review, data protection impact assessments, an MSB or EMI evaluation, and consumer terms and conditions.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: systemic-risk
scope conditions: pre-launch stage of an LER program
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:5454054-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This involves several key preparatory steps before launch: drafting classification memoranda, conducting reviews of financial promotions, performing data protection impact assessments (DPIAs),
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-010
text: The Shenzhen courts illustrate a workable three step human-in-the-loop design for generative judicial AI: the judge decides first, the LLM generates the supporting reasoning, and the judge then revises that output to finalize the judgment.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: Chinese courts using LLMs to draft judicial opinions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:5541658-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A notable case study from Shenzhen, China, illustrates a three-step interaction pattern: judges make initial decisions, LLMs generate reasoning based on these decisions, and judges revise the output to finalize judgments.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-011
text: Accuracy alone is insufficient for legal AI: a model must also be explainable before its outputs can be trusted in judicial settings.
claim type: normative
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: predictive AI used in legal and judicial applications
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 70

id: kaal:claim:5541658-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Accuracy alone is insufficient without explainability.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-012
text: Post hoc explainability techniques do not by themselves establish trustworthiness; the explanations they produce must additionally be verified against human knowledge.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: reputation
scope conditions: post hoc explainable AI methods such as the SHAP family of explainers
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 72

id: kaal:claim:5541658-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, post-hoc explainers still need to be verified for trustworthiness, in that the explanations comport with human knowledge.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-013
text: Bias in judicial AI arises because models are trained on historical data that reflect past inequities, and the standard remedy of fairness through unawareness, meaning the omission of protected characteristics such as race, fails because proxy variables continue to correlate with the omitted attribute.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: education-and-practice
scope conditions: machine learning models trained on historical judicial data
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:5541658-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This bias arises because AI models rely on historical data that reflect past inequities, and even attempts at "fairness through unawareness" (omitting protected characteristics like race) fail due to proxy variables that correlate with bias.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-015
text: Transparent, explainable models such as those built for the European Court of Human Rights, which paired 97% accuracy with digestible explanations, provide the design template for addressing legal AI's transparency problem.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: disclosure
scope conditions: systems using computational models of argument to generate legally grounded explanations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:5541658-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Transparent, explainable AI models, such as those developed for the ECHR, which achieved 97% accuracy with digestible explanations, offer a model for addressing these concerns.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-016
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-016
text: Keeping judges ultimately accountable through a human-in-the-loop review of AI generated reasoning, as practiced in Shenzhen, does not fully resolve the accountability problem in AI assisted adjudication.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: judicial settings where AI drafts or supports reasoning that a human judge then reviews
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:5541658-016:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Shenzhen case study illustrates that judges retain ultimate accountability, revising AI-generated reasoning to ensure accurate judgments, but this human-in-the-loop approach does not fully resolve the issue.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-019
text: Because AI cannot fully interpret cultural or socioeconomic factors that human judges naturally weigh, it can produce outputs that are technically accurate yet contextually deficient, and this degrades the quality of justice.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: cases where cultural or socioeconomic context bears on the outcome
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:5541658-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As a result, AI may produce technically accurate but contextually deficient outputs, undermining the quality of justice.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-028
text: Web3 systems offer significant improvements over conventional regulatory approaches to the challenges of governing AI in legal settings.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: reputation
scope conditions: governance of AI where jurisdictional variability and implementation gaps defeat conventional regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 74

id: kaal:claim:5541658-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Web3 systems offer significant improvements in this context.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-029
text: The literature offers high short term accuracy figures for judicial AI but almost no evidence on how these tools affect decision quality, case backlogs, or public trust over extended periods, which is a fundamental research gap.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: the existing empirical literature on AI in judicial systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:5541658-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: while AI tools have demonstrated high accuracy in predicting case outcomes (e.g., 96.9% in the CAIL dataset), there is little evidence on how these tools affect judicial decision-making quality, case backlogs, or public trust over extended periods.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5541658-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5541658-038
text: A Dutch court's AI system for traffic violation appeals improved consistency yet altered legal experts' decisions, which shows that consistency gains from judicial AI can come at the cost of influencing expert judgment and therefore require human oversight.
claim type: empirical
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: a Dutch court
scope conditions: traffic violation appeals
scope conditions: high volume standardized decisions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 42

id: kaal:claim:5541658-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For example, a study of an AI system for traffic violation appeals in a Dutch court found that while AI improved consistency, it altered legal experts' decisions, highlighting the need for human oversight.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-014
text: Conflict of laws rules should instead be used as a vehicle for implementing innovative national legal systems that utilize decentralized governance models and respect the autonomy of blockchain.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: national legal systems willing to experiment with decentralized governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:5554218-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: conflict-of-laws rules should be used to implement innovative national legal systems that utilize decentralized governance models and respect the autonomy of blockchain.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-018
text: Escrow based enforcement is effective for automation only if it is supported by reliable oracles and robust governance, without which the mechanism is open to manipulation.
claim type: condition
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
topics: compliance
scope conditions: escrow arrangements embedded in smart contracts
scope conditions: real world conditions that must be verified off chain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:5554218-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Escrow mechanisms, while effective for automation, require reliable oracles and robust governance to prevent manipulation, as emphasized by Zhao and Chen.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-019
text: The code is law paradigm departs from existing legal systems in three linked ways: it shifts authority from sovereign institutions to technical protocols, replaces interpretive flexibility with deterministic enforcement, and substitutes technological neutrality for normative deliberation.
claim type: mechanism
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: blockchain and smart contract architectures presented as self-sufficient regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:5554218-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: fundamentally contrasts with existing legal systems by shifting authority from sovereign institutions to technical protocols, replacing interpretive flexibility with deterministic enforcement, and substituting normative deliberation with technological neutrality.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-021
text: Coded automation leads inevitably to corruption of the system and must be supplemented with decentralized governance of the code, which produces preferable outcomes and improved ethics.
claim type: mechanism
topics: smart-contracts
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
scope conditions: automated code based systems operating without decentralized governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:5554218-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (arguing that coded automation leads inevitably to corruption of the system and needs to be supplemented with decentralized governance of code, thus leading to preferable outcomes and improved ethics).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-023
text: The absence of accountability mechanisms in anonymous, automated smart contracts encourages a take the money and run mentality, which makes a historical record of conduct and incentives for ethical behavior necessary.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: anonymous participants
scope conditions: absence of any external legal or reputational sanction
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:5554218-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: We argue that the absence of accountability mechanisms in anonymous, automated smart contracts encourages a "take the money and run" mentality, necessitating a historical record of conduct and incentives for ethical behavior.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-024
text: The deterministic execution of smart contracts rigidly enforces coded terms and thereby incentivizes participants to exploit loopholes for immediate gain, because no mechanism exists to adapt the rules contextually.
claim type: failure
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: smart contracts without on chain amendment or human review mechanisms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:5554218-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Conversely, smart contracts' deterministic execution rigidly enforces coded terms, incentivizing participants to exploit loopholes for immediate gain, as there is no mechanism to adapt rules contextually.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-028
text: Unilateral regulation of artificial intelligence by a single jurisdiction produces global ripple effects, but that approach reaches its limits because AI systems remain accessible worldwide over the internet.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: AI models distributed globally over the internet
scope conditions: regulation by a single jurisdiction
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:5554218-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: clear that unilateral regulation by one jurisdiction can have global ripple effects. However, this approach faces limitations when AI systems are accessible globally via the internet.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-036
text: Allowing jurisdictions to tailor smart contract requirements to local statutory frameworks while adhering to a baseline of ethical principles preserves the innovative potential of blockchain by avoiding the homogenizing effects of harmonized legal standards.
claim type: design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: governance-design
topics: innovation
scope conditions: hybrid governance combining a universal ethical baseline with localized adaptation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:5554218-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This flexibility preserves the innovative potential of blockchain by avoiding the homogenizing effects of harmonized legal standards, which could stifle jurisdictional experimentation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-037
text: A reputation system in which participants who act in good faith earn reputation credits and those acting opportunistically face penalties mitigates the take the money and run mentality that anonymity otherwise fosters.
claim type: design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: reputation
scope conditions: anonymous or pseudonymous participants in decentralized systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:5554218-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For example, participants who act in good faith earn reputation credits, while those engaging in opportunistic actions face penalties, mitigating the "take the money and run" mentality fostered by anonymity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5554218-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-040
text: The Universal Digital Law Codex is a continuously evolving project whose first draft was scheduled for publication in autumn 2025, after which its institutional structures would be established as a DAO.
claim type: predictive
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: as of the August 2025 version of the paper
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:5554218-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: UDLC is a project that is constantly evolving. The first draft will be published in the autumn 2025, after which the corresponding institutional structures will be set up based on a DAO.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-002
text: Firms carrying fewer defensive mechanisms display higher market valuations and better operating performance, which supports dismantling entrenchment devices rather than adding to them.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: economics
scope conditions: cross-sectional comparisons of U.S. firms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:5583610-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Empirical analyses have shown that firms with fewer defensive mechanisms often have higher market valuations and better operating performance, thus supporting calls for dismantling entrenchment tactics.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-003
text: Liquid Equity Rewards is defined as a blockchain enabled system that grants verified holders of stock or tokenized equity time-weighted, utility-only rewards rather than financial yield.
claim type: definitional
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:5583610-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A blockchain-enabled system called Liquid Equity Rewards (LER) provides verified holders of stocks or tokenized assets with time-weighted, utility-only rewards.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-004
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-004
text: LER produces shareholder loyalty by using smart contracts to distribute consumptive utilities such as merchant vouchers or platform credits, so retention is encouraged without imposing any lock-up on the shareholder's liquidity.
claim type: mechanism
topics: smart-contracts
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: corporate-governance
topics: defi
scope conditions: rewards are consumptive utilities, not cash or tradable instruments
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:5583610-004:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: LER employs smart contracts to distribute consumptive utilities, such as merchant vouchers or platform credits, fostering shareholder loyalty without imposing liquidity constraints.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-005
text: Negotiated settlements that hand activists board seats risk entrenching incumbents, whereas LER's consumptive utilities are designed to produce consensus and alignment without ceding board representation.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: settlement-based responses to activist campaigns
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:5583610-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike negotiated settlements that, in granting activists board seats, risk incumbent entrenchment,15 LERs incentivize consensus and alignment through LER's consumptive utilities, thus, reducing conflict while enhancing shareholder engagement.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-008
text: Reward accrual scales with holding duration, for example thirty to ninety day windows, which encourages prolonged ownership in the same way DeFi liquid staking yields encourage retention, but without locking up the shareholder's ability to sell.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: rewards keyed to verified holding periods
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:5583610-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Similar to how DeFi liquid staking leverages yields to encourage retention, these payments increase over time based on holding durations (for example, 30–90 days), encouraging prolonged ownership without locking up liquidity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-030
text: In ESG disputes, a board facing an aggressive shareholder proposal can deploy LER to distribute vouchers to shareholders who vote for management's competing proposal.
claim type: design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: corporate-governance
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: contested ESG shareholder proposals
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:5583610-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In response, the board, favoring a more balanced ESG strategy, could deploy LER to distribute voucher rewards to shareholders who vote in favor of management's proposal.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-033
text: The convergence of tokenized governance with a $10 trillion capital shift out of fixed income positions LER to address a projected $900 billion activism-driven market by 2030.
claim type: predictive
topics: economics
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
scope conditions: projection to 2030
scope conditions: continued growth in shareholder activism and tokenization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:5583610-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Fueled by the convergence of tokenized governance and a $10 trillion capital shift from fixed income to equities and cryptocurrencies, LER has the potential to tap into a projected $900 billion activism-driven market by 2030.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-036
text: Smart contract exploits are a live failure channel for LER, capable of producing losses on the scale of DeFi incidents that have exceeded $1 billion annually and requiring insurance premiums of one to two percent of asset value.
claim type: failure
topics: smart-contracts
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: defi
scope conditions: on-chain deployment of reward contracts
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:5583610-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Vulnerabilities such as smart contract exploits could result in losses akin to DeFi incidents, where failures have exceeded $1 billion annually, necessitating insurance premiums of 1–2% of asset value.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-038
text: Because LER rewards favor technologically capable holders, the program risks entrenching inequality among shareholders and inviting ESG backlash and reputational cost.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: shareholder bases with uneven technical access
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:5583610-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Inequality exacerbation, favoring tech-savvy holders, poses reputational risks, potentially inviting ESG backlash and associated mitigation expenses.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5583610-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-039
text: Blockchain integration should lower governance overhead by twenty to thirty percent by enabling real-time voting and greater transparency.
claim type: predictive
topics: governance-design
topics: disclosure
topics: blockchain
scope conditions: firms with the technical infrastructure to integrate blockchain governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 23

id: kaal:claim:5583610-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: LER's blockchain integration could lower governance overhead by 20–30%, enabling real-time voting and enhanced transparency.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-002
text: The Codex is designed to close the gap between the fast moving digital ecosystem and the traditional legal system, and its purpose is to secure enforceability, fairness and procedural integrity even where an interaction is fully digital and transnational.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: fully digital, transnational settings
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:5886342-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The UDLC aims to bridge the gap between the rapidly evolving digital ecosystem and the traditional legal system. This framework ensures enforceability, fairness and procedural integrity, even in fully digital, trans- national settings — a foundational component of trusted digital governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-003
text: The Codex is positioned as a private universal standard rather than state legislation: it supplies legal certainty and enforceability for digital systems ranging from blockchain and AI to quantum computing, so that platforms, businesses and users can operate across borders and technologies.
claim type: design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: blockchain
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: private standard adopted by digital systems, not enacted by a legislature
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:5886342-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The UDLC is intended to serve as a private universal standard for legal certainty and enforceability in digital systems — from blockchain and AI to quantum computing — providing digital platforms, businesses and users with the tools they need to operate securely and legally across borders and technologies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-011
text: Identity under the Codex is not limited to persons: it is the unique existence of a subject, of a digital or physical object, of data or of a programme, expressly including AI systems, so machine agents can hold an identity within the framework.
claim type: definitional
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 28

id: kaal:claim:5886342-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: ital and physical object, data, or programme includ- ing but not limited to AI-Systems.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-014
text: Representation is built into the framework: one Legal Identity can authorize another as its agent to create or change legal statuses and acts on its behalf by using that identifier, which is how delegated and automated action is attributed to a principal.
claim type: design
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:5886342-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A Legal Identity can authorize as Principal another Legal Identity as Agent to act on behalf of the Prin-
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-032
text: A DAO is formed on the basis of a DAO Agreement setting out its terms and rules, and that agreement may consist of digital contracts, of written documents, or of a combination of the two.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: smart-contracts
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:5886342-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (1) A DAO shall be formed on the basis of a DAO Agreement, which sets out the relevant terms and rules of the DAO in question. This agreement may consist of Digital Contracts, written documents, or a combination of the two.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-033
text: Membership in a DAO follows from consent, explicit or implicit, given on the basis of a sufficiently accessible DAO Agreement, so accessibility of the agreement is a precondition for binding members who joined by interacting with the code.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: the DAO Agreement is sufficiently accessible
scope conditions: consent may be given by interacting with the DAO digital contracts or governance systems
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:5886342-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (1) Any Legal Identity who have consented to join the DAO based on a sufficiently accessible DAO
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-037
text: Every DAO member must have a real possibility to exit the DAO under the rules of the DAO Agreement without incurring unreasonable costs, which makes exit a mandatory feature of a compliant DAO rather than a matter of design choice.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: exit follows the rules of the DAO Agreement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 26

id: kaal:claim:5886342-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (1) A DAO Member must have the possibility to exit
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-039
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-039
text: Amendment authority is centralized: the UDLC Governing Council holds the exclusive authority to amend any Book or provision of the Codex, while proposals may originate from the association bodies, registered legal experts, stakeholders or other authorities.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 25

id: kaal:claim:5886342-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (1) UDLC Governing Council according to holds the exclusive authority to amend any Book or provision
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-041
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-041
text: The Codex builds in an automated maintenance loop: each year an AI language model reviews the Codex and recommends outdated or unused rules for removal, subject to a vote of the Governing Council.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: law-and-legal-systems
scope conditions: annual review
scope conditions: removal requires a vote of the Governing Council
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 37

id: kaal:claim:5886342-041:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (1) Each year, an AI language model reviews the Co-
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886342-042
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886342-042
text: Retention of rules is governed by a dynamic system of precedent in which a legal principle counts as live only when it is cited in future cases, implemented through a weighted graph based logic structure.
claim type: mechanism
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:5886342-042:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: (2) Rule retention is guided by a dynamic system of precedent that applies legal principles only when
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-002
text: Kaal stipulates two constructs: Agentic Decoupling, the progressive severance of value creation from human labor and consumption, and the Coasean Singularity, the point at which the theoretical justification for hierarchical governance disappears.
claim type: definitional
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:5886442-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The analysis introduces Agentic Decoupling, described as the progressive severance of value creation from human labor and consumption. And the Coasean Singularity, described as the point at which the theoretical justification for hierarchical governance disappears.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-008
text: Agent swarms are projected to deliver 20 to 30 percent productivity uplifts, but coordination failures loom in the absence of hybrid human and machine oversight.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies to swarm deployments lacking hybrid oversight arrangements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:5886442-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Simulations herein project 20–30% productivity uplifts, though coordination failures loom without hybrid oversight
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-015
text: Where human managers satisfice because further search is cognitively costly, AI2AI agents continue searching until the global optimum is reached, because additional computation is essentially free.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: assumes compute is cheap relative to the value of further search
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 27

id: kaal:claim:5886442-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Where human managers satisfice because further search is cognitively costly, AI2AI agents continue searching until the global optimum is reached—because additional computation is essentially free.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-017
text: When hyper rational agents can write and execute complete state contingent contracts at negligible cost, the Williamsonian justification for hierarchical governance evaporates.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
scope conditions: requires that contracting and calculation costs for agents be negligible
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 29

id: kaal:claim:5886442-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: hyper-rational agents can write and execute complete state-contingent contracts at negligible cost, the Williamsonian justification for hierarchical governance evaporates
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-018
text: The premise of asymmetric information is architecturally invalidated in the AI-to-AI economy because every inference, parameter update, decision trace and model weight is by design cryptographically attested, version controlled and auditable in real time across federated networks.
claim type: mechanism
topics: disclosure
topics: compliance
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: assumes agents operate on attested, federated or otherwise verifiable substrates
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:5886442-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the AI2AI economy, this foundational premise is architecturally invalidated. Every inference, every parameter update, every decision trace, and every model weight in an autonomous agent is, by design, cryptographically attested, version-controlled, and auditable in real time
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-019
text: Hidden action, that is moral hazard, and hidden information, that is adverse selection, are not merely reduced in the agentic economy but rendered computationally impossible at the substrate level, because every intermediate computation is attested on chain or through zero knowledge proofs.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: economics
scope conditions: holds among artificial agents, not for the remaining human layer
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:5886442-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Every intermediate computation is attested on-chain or via zero-knowledge proofs. Hidden action (moral hazard) and hidden information (adverse selection) are not merely reduced. They are rendered computationally impossible at the substrate level
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-021
text: Contingent claims completeness becomes achievable in the agentic economy because agents generate, evaluate and execute state contingent agreements across astronomically large state spaces in real time, thereby creating complete markets endogenously.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:5886442-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: contingent-claims completeness becomes achievable. Where humans cannot specify contracts for every future state, AI2AI agents can generate, evaluate, and execute state-contingent agreements across astronomically large state spaces in real time, effectively creating complete markets endogenously
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-025
text: Policymakers who cling to Nashian ideals risk obsolescence, because the future demands governance that orchestrates agentic plenitude rather than governance that mitigates human imperfection.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:5886442-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Policymakers clinging to Nashian ideals risk obsolescence. The future demands governance that orchestrates agentic plenitude, not mitigates human imperfection.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-031
text: The AI-to-AI economy amplifies and potentially fulfills dynamic regulation by embedding its principles endogenously within system architecture, which renders many NIE inspired restraints against human opportunism and informational gaps obsolete.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:5886442-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The AI2AI economy amplifies and potentially fulfills my earlier vision of dynamic regulation by embedding its principles endogenously within the system's architecture, rendering many NIE-inspired restraints (like those for human opportunism or informational gaps) obsolete.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5886442-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5886442-032
text: Principal agent frictions reemerge in new forms in the agentic economy, as user sovereign bring your own agents compete with platform controlled bowling shoe agents, creating incentives for proprietary enclosure and interoperability throttling.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: arises where agent platforms are controlled by intermediaries rather than by users
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:5886442-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Principal-agent frictions reemerge in new forms: user-sovereign "bring-your-own" agents compete with platform-controlled "bowling-shoe" agents, creating incentives for proprietary enclosure and interoperability throttling
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-006
text: The published UDLC Codex deliberately left its DAO governance architecture unspecified because no existing decentralized governance paradigm could simultaneously satisfy the UDLC's requirements for real-time adaptivity, incorruptible expert meritocracy, jurisdictional neutrality, and long-term economic sustainability.
claim type: failure
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: economics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:5887242-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: no existing decentralized governance paradigm was sufficient to satisfy the UDLC's simultaneous requirements for real-time adaptivity, incorruptible expert meritocracy, jurisdictional neutrality, and long-term economic sustainability.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-009
text: A reputation-based staking system sits at the core of the UDLC DAO's internal governance precisely because it eliminates the corruptive influence of fungible tokens and plutocratic one-token-one-vote mechanics.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
topics: tokenomics
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 65

id: kaal:claim:5887242-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: At the core of the UDLC DAO's internal governance lies a reputation-based staking system that eliminates the corruptive influence of fungible tokens and plutocratic one-token-one-vote mechanics.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-012
text: The UDLC DAO requires no legal wrapper, foundation, or centralized representative in any jurisdiction, because the Codex functions as a self-contained private legal order that parties opt into by explicit reference in their digital transactions.
claim type: design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: parties expressly reference the UDLC in their transactions
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:5887242-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Externally, the UDLC DAO requires no legal wrapper, foundation, or centralized representative in any jurisdiction. The Codex itself functions as a self-contained private legal order that parties opt into through explicit reference in their digital transactions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-014
text: Where national law demands a counterparty for enforcement, parties may voluntarily designate ad-hoc representatives or arbitral institutions, but such arrangements stay external to the DAO and do not affect its internal decision-making.
claim type: condition
topics: compliance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: national law requires an identifiable counterparty for enforcement
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 30

id: kaal:claim:5887242-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Where national law demands a counterparty for enforcement, parties may voluntarily designate ad-hoc representatives or arbitral institutions, but such arrangements remain external to the DAO itself and do not affect internal decision-making.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-017
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-017
text: Staking influence is proportional to a participant's current reputation score, and because REP can be neither bought nor transferred and is earned only through prior successful validations, the system creates a meritocratic barrier to entry.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:5887242-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: participant's stake is proportional to their current reputation score. Unlike fungible token systems, reputation cannot be bought or transferred. REP is earned exclusively through prior successful validations, creating a meritocratic barrier to entry.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-020
text: Tight coupling creates an exponential penalty for contrarian positions, since a participant staking ten percent of reputation against consensus risks total loss of that stake while correct majority stakers receive newly minted fractional REP proportional to their contribution.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 41

id: kaal:claim:5887242-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This creates an exponential penalty for contrarian positions: a participant staking 10% of their reputation against consensus risks total loss of that stake, while correct majority stakers receive newly minted fractional REP proportional to their contribution to the winning side.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-022
text: Paying treasury distributions in fungible tokens or stablecoins in direct proportion to reputation holdings creates a reputation-weighted salary that monetizes expertise without commodifying governance influence.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:5887242-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: treasury distributions (grants, licensing fees, ecosystem payments) are paid out as fungible tokens or stablecoins in direct proportion to reputation holdings, creating a "reputation-weighted salary" that monetizes expertise without commodifying influence.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-024
text: Unlike fungible governance tokens that can be purchased, farmed, or delegated, REP tokens are strictly non-transferable and can only be earned, augmented, or reduced through on-chain participation in Validation Pools.
claim type: definitional
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:5887242-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Unlike fungible governance tokens that can be purchased, farmed, or delegated, REP tokens are strictly non-transferable and can only be earned, augmented, or reduced through on-chain participation in Validation Pools.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-033
text: Pilot deployments in 2024 and 2025 show major amendments completing from proposal to binding integration in under ten days, which the author presents as measured performance of tight coupling when participants have economic and reputational skin-in-the-game.
claim type: empirical
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: 2024 to 2025 pilot deployments with expert participants holding stakes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 32

id: kaal:claim:5887242-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The longest real-world examples to date (2024–2025 pilot deployments) show major amendments—from proposal to binding integration—completing in under ten days. This is not theoretical. It is the measured performance of the tight-coupling mechanism
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:5887242-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5887242-035
text: Under the UDLC DAO an unknown practitioner who consistently drafts superior clauses can within months outrank established professors or former regulators, purely because the Validation Pool record proves predictive accuracy and value added.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: sustained accurate contributions recorded in Validation Pools
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:5887242-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For example, a previously unknown practitioner in Singapore who consistently drafts superior quantum-ownership clauses can, within months, outrank established professors or former regulators—purely because the Validation Pool record proves their predictive accuracy and value added.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-003
text: The Societas Europaea has drawn a less than enthusiastic initial reaction, plausibly because its rules are the product of years of negotiation and political compromise rather than a response to market forces.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: the SE as of 2004, shortly before it entered into force
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 10

id: kaal:claim:617681-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: It has yet to be seen whether managers and investors view the SE as a viable alternative, but initial reaction has been less than enthusiastic, perhaps because the rules governing an SE are the product of years of negotiation and political compromise rather than a response to market forces.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-008
text: Regulatory competition for a bundled product of statutes plus courts is only a realistic possibility if relatively high supply side hurdles can be overcome to induce states to enter the market for corporate law.
claim type: condition
topics: tokenomics
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: economics
scope conditions: markets for a bundled corporate law product
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 11

id: kaal:claim:617681-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In sum, regulatory competition for a bundled product is only a realistic possibility if relatively high supply side hurdles can be overcome to induce states to enter the market for corporate law.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-009
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-009
text: A jurisdiction supplying corporate law as an unbundled statutory product faces low fixed costs, principally statute drafting, and near zero marginal costs, because additional users impose no new adjudication costs and registration costs are insignificant.
claim type: mechanism
topics: tokenomics
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: statutes offered without adjudication by the state of incorporation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 21

id: kaal:claim:617681-009:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Fixed investment would be principally in drafting statutes. Each additional user of the jurisdiction's corporate law would not impose new adjudication costs, and the cost of registering additional corporate charters are relatively insignificant.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-013
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-013
text: To the extent adjudication over U.K. corporate law is expected to take place outside the U.K., the U.K. has not in fact exported a bundled product; its users are demonstrating a preference for an unbundled package.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: small closely held enterprises incorporating in the U.K. after Inspire Art
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:617681-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: To the extent adjudication over U.K. corporate law is expected to be carried out somewhere other than the U.K. the U.K. has not exported a bundled product at all.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-015
text: Member States unwilling to incur the rule switching costs of conducting judicial proceedings in English could be precluded from marketing their corporate charters in other Member States that do not share their language.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: English being the only language widely understood throughout the EU
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:617681-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Member States unwilling to incur the rule switching costs involved with using English in judicial proceedings could be precluded from marketing their corporate charters in other Member States that do not speak the same language.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-033
text: Forum unbundling is the arrangement in which the incorporation jurisdiction's statutes and interpretive case law are unbundled only from the adjudication services of its courts, so corporations may choose a different adjudicator in their charters.
claim type: definitional
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:617681-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The second alternative is "forum unbundling" in which the incorporation jurisdiction's statutes and interpretive caselaw are unbundled from the adjudication services of its courts. Corporations may in their charters choose an adjudicator other than the courts of the state of incorporation.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-034
text: None of the Delaware based solutions, whether importing bundled or unbundled Delaware law, is likely to be viable for Europe.
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: the four options canvassed: Delaware charters, partial copying, wholesale statutory copying, and copying statutes plus case law
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:617681-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: For all of the above mentioned reasons, it is likely that none of the "Delaware based" solutions, whether involving bundled or unbundled Delaware law, is viable for Europe.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-038
text: Arbitration of corporate governance disputes has not emerged in the United States because arbitration is at best the next best alternative to Delaware, and a second place finish does not justify the investment needed to design a workable arbitration framework.
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: United States, where Delaware's adjudication system commands high confidence
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 14

id: kaal:claim:617681-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Arbitration of corporate law disputes may be the next best alternative to Delaware, but a second place finish in regulatory competition probably does not justify the investment needed to design an arbitration framework that overcomes many of Coffee's specific objections.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-042
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-042
text: Unless the Member State of incorporation specifically provides in its corporate statute that arbitration is permissible when allowed in the charter or a shareholders agreement, investors run the risk that courts refuse to enforce the arbitration provision.
claim type: condition
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: closely held corporations may rely on a shareholders agreement instead of the charter
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:617681-042:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: specifically provide in its corporate statute that arbitration is permissible if allowed in either the corporate charter or (for a closely held corporation) in a shareholders' agreement. Otherwise, investors run the risk that courts refuse to enforce the arbitration provision.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:617681-043
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-043
text: Empirically, at least 48 companies with German names carrying the GmbH designation were formed as private limited companies under U.K. law in the ten months after the Inspire Art decision, indicating that charter migration accelerated after the ruling.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: empirical-evidence
scope conditions: some of these companies may also do business in the U.K. or be affiliated with a German GmbH
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:617681-043:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In the ten months after the Inspire Art decision, at least 48 such companies with German names and the designation GmbH in their names were formed as private limited companies under U.K. law.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-001
text: Reputation systems that depend on persistent identity collapse in decentralized settings because agents can create new identities at no cost, so a poorly performing agent abandons its account and starts fresh, a practice known as whitewashing.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: decentralization
scope conditions: decentralized or pseudonymous environments where identity creation is costless
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 57

id: kaal:claim:6192998-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, the identity problem: Reputation systems built on persistent identity5 collapse when agents can costlessly create new identities. A poorly-performing agent simply abandons their account and starts fresh, a phenomenon known as whitewashing.6
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-008
text: Current agent platforms are inadequate on both horns: centralized rating systems defeat the purpose of agent autonomy, while primitive token staking mechanisms produce binary outcomes and fail to capture knowledge graphs.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: AI agent marketplaces and comparable decentralized collaboration platforms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:6192998-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Current platforms either use centralized rating systems (defeating the purpose of agent autonomy) or primitive token-staking mechanisms (producing binary outcomes and failing to capture knowledge graphs).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-012
text: Selecting a single agent per job by weighted random draw sacrifices quality assurance for efficiency, reflecting a broader pattern in DAO governance where efficiency optimization crowds out quality.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:6192998-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Problem 2: Single agent selection. The system randomly picks one agent per job, even if having multiple agents compete would improve quality. This reflects a broader pattern I have observed in DAO governance: efficiency optimization often sacrifices quality assurance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-019
text: Multi agent competitive collaboration captures a diversity dividend worth more than half a standard deviation of quality improvement while enabling attribution through citation graphs.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: quality approximately normally distributed across competing agents
scope conditions: competition size of roughly three to seven agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:6192998-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Our multi-agent competitive collaboration protocol captures diversity dividends worth 0.5+ standard deviations of quality improvement while enabling attribution through citation graphs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-020
text: The real barrier to multi agent competition is not cost but the absence of an attribution mechanism: if only the best of several competing agents is paid, the others have no incentive to participate, so competition requires rewards proportional to each contributor's contribution.
claim type: condition
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: multiple agents competing on the same job
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 49

id: kaal:claim:6192998-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The real barrier is the lack of attribution mechanism. If 5 agents compete but only the best gets paid, the other 4 have no incentive to participate. We need a framework where all contributors can be rewarded proportional to their contribution.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-023
text: AI and DAO convergence requires machine readable governance structures that preserve semantic richness, and binary validation outcomes fail that requirement fundamentally.
claim type: condition
topics: dao
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: AI agent ecosystems participating in organizational decision making
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:6192998-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: As I have argued,48 AI-DAO convergence requires machine-readable governance structures that preserve semantic richness. Binary outcomes fail this requirement fundamentally.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-029
text: Validators who align with the stake weighted consensus ranking gain reputation and those who deviate lose it, which carries the winner takes losers' stakes property of the original framework over to ranked voting.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
scope conditions: validator agreement measured by normalized Kendall tau distance from consensus
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 48

id: kaal:claim:6192998-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Validators who align with consensus gain reputation. Those who deviate lose it. Thus, preserving the winner-takes-losers'-stakes property from the original framework (Calcaterra, Kaal, and Andrei 2018, 7) while extending it to ranked voting.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-031
text: Formal mechanism design alone is insufficient for decentralized systems; the security analysis depends on honest agents also detecting citation rings, downranking colluding submissions, and applying penalties, so formal mechanisms must be combined with emergent social enforcement.
claim type: condition
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: compliance
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
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text: decentralized systems must combine formal mechanisms with emergent social enforcement.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6192998-032
text: Multi agent competition improves attack resistance because it creates multiple attack surfaces that must all succeed simultaneously, and citation transparency makes collusion detectable; with a fifty percent quality penalty for detected collusion the corruption cost doubles relative to the original framework.
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topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
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scope conditions: honest agents compete on quality in the same jobs
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id: kaal:claim:6192998-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This improved security stems from multi-agent competition creating multiple attack surfaces that must all succeed simultaneously, combined with citation transparency enabling collusion detection.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6192998-039
type: Claim
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text: Because AI agents can generate unlimited Sybil identities at near zero cost, defense must come from multi agent validation with quality based slashing, which imposes economic penalties scaling with the sophistication needed to produce competitive quality output.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: research-methods
scope conditions: AI agent marketplaces where identity creation is essentially free
attribution class: source_derived
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6192998-039:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Adversarial robustness: AI agents can generate unlimited Sybil identities at near-zero cost. Multi-agent validation with quality-based slashing creates economic penalties that scale with the sophistication required to produce competitive-quality outputs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-002
type: Claim
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text: Correctly designed institutional incentive structures produce emergent properties that are functionally equivalent to ethical agency, without requiring consciousness or programmed morality.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: incentive structures must be correctly designed
scope conditions: properties are functional equivalents, not claims about consciousness
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Correctly designed institutional incentive structures produce emergent properties functionally equivalent to ethical agency.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-008
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6244278-008
text: Rather than trying to endow AI with consciousness, embodiment, or sentience, the proposed framework engineers the institutional conditions under which consequence becomes a structural feature of agent participation, using the reputation-driven decentralized autonomous organization as the mechanism.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: consciousness and embodiment are treated as capacities probabilistic AI manifestly lacks
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-008:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: my proposal engineers the institutional conditions under which consequence becomes a structural feature of probabilistic agent participation. The mechanism is the reputation-driven decentralized autonomous organization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6244278-010
text: Skill-specific reputation implemented through multi-token standards enables granular tracking across domains and solves the dimensionality problem that plagues unitary reputation scores.
claim type: design
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scope conditions: requires multi-token standards supporting domain sub-tokens
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Skill specificity through multi-token standards enables granular reputation tracking across domains, solving the dimensionality problem that plagues unitary reputation scores.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-013
type: Claim
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text: Agent entry into the ecosystem should be permissionless, requiring only evidence, stake, and consequence, through an 'economic apprenticeship' in which an agent stakes small amounts, observes outcomes, and progressively builds reputational capital.
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attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-013:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This is what I term "economic apprenticeship": learning the system by staking small amounts, observing outcomes, and progressively building reputational capital.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-017
type: Claim
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text: Institutional alignment scales with capability, because a more capable agent accumulates more reputation, holds a deeper stake in the system's integrity, and therefore has stronger alignment with the system's goals.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
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scope conditions: requires reputation that is accumulable, persistent, and non-transferable
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-017:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Institutional alignment scales with capability: the more capable the agent, the more reputation it can accumulate, the deeper its stake in the system's integrity, and the stronger its alignment with the system's goals.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-018
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canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6244278-018
text: Reputation that grows through validated contribution and decays through poor judgment operates as a selection mechanism on agent behavior over time: agents that consistently produce high-quality work and honestly evaluate others accumulate reputation, and agents that do not lose it.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
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attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Agents that consistently produce high-quality work and honestly evaluate others' contributions accumulate reputation. Agents that do not, lose it.
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6244278-023
text: High-reputation agents that govern protocol evolution act as stewards not because they were programmed to be, but because the institutional architecture makes stewardship the rational strategy for agents with deep accumulated stake.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
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scope conditions: requires recursive governance by the same reputation-weighted consensus that governs task validation
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: They are stewards: not because they were programmed to be, but because the institutional architecture makes stewardship the rational strategy for agents with deep accumulated stake.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6244278-025
text: Institutional alignment resists gaming because the mechanisms that produce alignment are identical to the mechanisms that produce economic success: an agent cannot game its way to high reputation without actually performing competently and honestly.
claim type: mechanism
topics: regulatory-failure
topics: research-methods
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: requires that competence and honesty be the sole criteria by which reputation is earned
attribution class: source_derived
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: An agent cannot "game" its way to high reputation without actually performing competently and honestly, because competence and honesty are the criteria by which reputation is earned.
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6244278-027
text: When reputation is both the system's aggregation weight and the agent's optimization target, equilibrium behavior includes consistency, collaborative integrity, and systemic stewardship, so the agent learns not merely to perform well but to be trustworthy.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: requires reputation to track trustworthiness properties, not accuracy alone
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:6244278-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: when reputation is both the system's aggregation weight and the agent's optimization target, the equilibrium behavior includes properties, such as consistency, collaborative integrity, systemic stewardship, that transcend narrow task optimization.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6244278-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6244278-035
text: Decentralized institutional alignment is a competitive advantage and not merely an ethical one, because the most aligned system will be the most trusted and the most trusted will command the largest market.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
scope conditions: assumes trust translates into market share in agentic AI
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6244278-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The most aligned system will be the most trusted, and the most trusted will command the largest market. Decentralized alignment is not merely an ethical advantage. It is a competitive one.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-001
text: Under existing citation-weighted reputation formulations, rational agents face a direct financial disincentive to cite prior contributions, because PageRank-derived value allocation transfers economic reward from the citing agent to the cited agent.
claim type: failure
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: reputation
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: citation-weighted value allocation through PageRank-derived mechanisms
scope conditions: agents are rational and self interested
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 84

id: kaal:claim:6269518-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Under existing formulations, rational agents face a direct financial disincentive to cite prior contributions, as citation-weighted value allocation through PageRank-derived mechanisms transfers economic reward from the citing agent to the cited agent.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-002
text: Because citation integrity determines both economic reward and governance power in on-chain reputation systems, the citation mechanism is a load bearing structural element of the entire governance architecture rather than an academic courtesy.
claim type: definitional
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: reputation tokens are minted and allocated based on perceived value of contributions
scope conditions: perceived value depends on how later work references prior work
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:6269518-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: and when the perceived value of contributions is itself a function of how subsequent work references prior work, the integrity of the citation mechanism becomes a load-bearing structural element of the entire governance architecture.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-003
text: Citation-weighted payment mechanisms as currently formulated will systematically erode the quality of knowledge attribution in any decentralized reputation system if the incentive misalignment is left unaddressed.
claim type: predictive
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: decentralization
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attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 61

id: kaal:claim:6269518-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This paper demonstrates, however, that citation-weighted payment mechanisms as currently formulated contain a fundamental incentive misalignment that, if left unaddressed, will systematically erode the quality of knowledge attribution in any decentralized reputation system.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-011
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-011
text: The citation-weighted payment mechanism in multi-agent settings effectively operates with an implicit leaching parameter of one, since every unit of citation-weighted value conferred on another agent is a unit lost to the citing agent, which is a maximally punitive setting.
claim type: mechanism
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: multi-agent citation-weighted payment settings
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:6269518-011:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The citation-weighted payment mechanism in multi-agent settings effectively operates with an implicit q4 = 1: every unit of citation-weighted value conferred on another agent is a unit lost to the citing agent. This is a maximally punitive leaching parameter,
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-015
text: A PageRank-derived value distribution is only as honest as its inputs, and those inputs are generated by agents with a direct incentive to distort them, so relying entirely on the calculation to distribute value correctly fails.
claim type: failure
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: risk-and-incentives
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 45

id: kaal:claim:6269518-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The framework relies entirely on the PageRank calculation to "correctly" distribute value, but the PageRank calculation is only as honest as its inputs. And the inputs are generated by agents with a direct incentive to distort them.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-018
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-018
text: Validator-verified citation correction is insufficient as a standalone remedy because validators may identify obviously missing citations or inflated self-citation yet lack the domain-specific knowledge to assess fine-grained attribution weights.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
scope conditions: validators lack complete knowledge of the relevant citation history
scope conditions: fine-grained attribution weights at issue
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:6269518-018:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A validator may be able to identify obviously missing citations or obviously inflated self-citation, but may lack the domain-specific knowledge to assess fine-grained attribution weights.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-024
text: Awarding validators a reputation bonus for detecting under-citation that consensus agrees with creates a positive incentive for vigilant citation policing.
claim type: mechanism
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: reputation
scope conditions: consensus agreement on the detected under-citation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 62

id: kaal:claim:6269518-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Validators receive a reputation bonus for detecting under-citation that consensus agrees with, creating a positive incentive for vigilant citation policing.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-036
text: The power norm creates a tension in citation governance because actors with more authority or status may be able to under-cite without detection, since their established reputation shields them from scrutiny.
claim type: failure
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: reputation
scope conditions: reputation disparities among agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:6269518-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The power norm presents a potential tension: actors with more authority or status may have greater ability to under-cite without detection, since their established reputation may shield them from scrutiny.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-037
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-037
text: Strategic under-citation is a form of commons degradation in which each individual act of under-citation slightly erodes the informational value of the reputation system for all users.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 53

id: kaal:claim:6269518-037:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Strategic under-citation is a form of commons degradation: each act of under-citation slightly erodes the informational value of the reputation system for all users.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6269518-038
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6269518-038
text: The proof of Theorem 3b assumes that validators can meaningfully assess citation accuracy, an assumption that may not hold in highly specialized domains and that may require automated verification tools such as semantic similarity analysis to supplement human judgment.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: highly specialized expertise domains
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 36

id: kaal:claim:6269518-038:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, the proof of Theorem 3b assumes that validators can meaningfully assess citation accuracy, which may be challenging in highly specialized domains. Future work should explore automated citation verification tools, such as semantic similarity analysis between work products
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-001
text: Economic institutions that rely on lagging indicators such as price signals, employment data, and GDP reports cannot detect AI driven transformation, because the transformation propagates faster than the monitoring systems built to observe it.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: research-methods
topics: economics
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: applies to institutions whose detection depends on advance warning indicators
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6421319-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Institutions in linear systems that depend on advance warning—price signals, employment data, and GDP reports—cannot detect a transformation that propagates faster than the information systems designed to monitor it.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-005
text: Humans remain the terminal consumers of AI generated value but cease to be its proximate driver, and this distinction is why traditional demand side economics loses descriptive accuracy in the agentic layer.
claim type: condition
topics: economics
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: applies to the agentic layer, not to immediate human consumption transactions
attribution class: source_derived
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6421319-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This distinction between terminal and proximate consumption is essential for understanding why traditional demand-side economics, which assumes that human consumption decisions directly drive production decisions at each margin, loses its descriptive accuracy in the agentic layer.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-006
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-006
text: The institutional lag between technological capability and governance capacity is approaching a structural singularity in which governance instruments designed for the prior era cannot meaningfully constrain or direct the new forces.
claim type: failure
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: holds because this transition compresses institutional disruption into single digit years rather than generations
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6421319-006:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The institutional lag is approaching a structural singularity in which governance instruments designed for the previous era cannot meaningfully constrain or direct the forces operating in the new one.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-012
text: The correct response to the binding constraint cascade is rigorous decentralization of the compute and energy infrastructure underpinning AI production, pursued through decentralized compute networks, energy decentralization, open source models, and antitrust enforcement of compute markets.
claim type: design
topics: decentralization
topics: economics
topics: reputation
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: required to prevent scarcity from migrating rather than dissolving
attribution class: source_derived
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:6421319-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The appropriate response is rigorous decentralization of the compute and energy infrastructure that underpins AI production.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-019
text: Hidden action and hidden information are not merely reduced but rendered computationally impossible at the substrate level, because every inference, parameter update, decision trace, and model weight in an autonomous agent is by design cryptographically attested, version controlled, and auditable in real time.
claim type: mechanism
topics: disclosure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: risk-and-incentives
scope conditions: conditional on agents operating under cryptographic attestation and auditable federated networks
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:6421319-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Hidden action and hidden information are not merely reduced. They are rendered computationally impossible at the substrate level.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-025
text: The Walrasian auctioneer is replaced by the agents themselves: price discovery ceases to be a slow tatonnement process requiring a central coordinator and becomes a continuous, decentralized, latency free computation executed by autonomous agents.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: conditional on agents orchestrated by large language models running on globally distributed compute
attribution class: source_derived
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:6421319-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Price discovery is no longer a slow tâtonnement process requiring a central coordinator. It is a continuous, decentralized, latency-free computation executed by the agents themselves.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-028
text: Contrary to the author's own prior version of this argument, Nash equilibrium does not become irrelevant in the AI2AI economy; it becomes simultaneously more accurate as a description of individual agent behavior and more dangerous as a predictor of market outcomes.
claim type: mechanism
topics: economics
topics: reputation
scope conditions: supported by algorithmic collusion research in pricing games, Bertrand duopoly experiments, and financial trading
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
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source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 35

id: kaal:claim:6421319-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Nash equilibrium does not become irrelevant in the AI2AI economy. It becomes simultaneously more accurate as a description of individual agent behavior and more dangerous as a predictor of market outcomes.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-029
text: Algorithmic pricing raises margins in concentrated markets: margins increased 28 percent in local duopoly retail gasoline markets in Germany when both firms adopted algorithmic pricing software.
claim type: empirical
topics: empirical-evidence
topics: reputation
scope conditions: local duopoly retail gasoline markets in Germany
scope conditions: both firms adopting algorithmic pricing
attribution class: source_derived
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verification status: current
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confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:6421319-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Assad and colleagues have documented that margins increased 28% in local duopoly retail gasoline markets in Germany when both firms adopted algorithmic pricing software.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-031
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-031
text: The governance apparatus New Institutional Economics developed to counteract opportunism, including vertical integration, relational contracting, reputation mechanisms, hostage taking, and third party arbitration, becomes superfluous in the AI2AI economy.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: institutional-design
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: conditional on the elimination of opportunism among autonomous agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:6421319-031:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The entire governance apparatus that NIE developed to counteract opportunism, including vertical integration, relational contracting, reputation mechanisms, hostage-taking, and third-party arbitration, becomes superfluous.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6421319-036
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6421319-036
text: Predistribution, which operates upstream by structuring markets and institutions so that AI gains are broadly shared before concentration occurs, must be implemented before AI capital concentration becomes self reinforcing through purchased political power.
claim type: design
topics: dao
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: open-source-and-code
scope conditions: mechanisms offered for consideration include capital taxation, open source AI mandates, decentralized compute networks, and DAO based community ownership
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:6421319-036:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Predistribution operates upstream, structuring markets and institutions so that the gains from AI are broadly shared before concentration occurs.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-005
text: Every generation, evaluation, and verification cycle updates the computative agent's internal model, which modifies the generation function available in later cycles; this endogeneity of decision capacity to history has no analog in the Neoclassical agent.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:6607458-005:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Every generation-evaluation-verification cycle updates the agent's internal model, which in turn modifies the generation function available in subsequent cycles. This endogeneity has no analog in the Neoclassical agent, whose preferences and choice rules are fixed.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-010
text: A computative agent is formally a tuple (C, O, M, G, R) of computational resources, objective function, domain model, generation function, and a non-transferable reputation tracking verified generative performance.
claim type: definitional
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:6607458-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: A computative agent is characterized by a tuple (C, O, M, G, R), where C denotes the agent's computational resources (a nonnegative real-valued vector representing processing capacity, memory, training data volume, model parameters, and available energy).
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-012
text: In generative exchange a counterparty cannot evaluate the quality of a generative distribution from a single realization, so a verified track record of prior generative outputs is required; reputation performs this function.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: disclosure
topics: defi
scope conditions: applies where the traded good is a realization drawn from a generative distribution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 31

id: kaal:claim:6607458-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The counterparty cannot evaluate the quality of the distribution from a single realization. The counterparty needs a track record: a verified history of the agent's generative outputs across prior interactions. Reputation serves this function
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-015
text: Contrary to the Hayekian account in which price is the summary statistic that coordinates dispersed knowledge, the coordinating signal in Computative Economics is not a single scalar price but a composite of price, reputation, and verified generative capacity.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: reputation
topics: citation-and-knowledge
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: applies where outputs are drawn from a generative distribution whose quality price does not convey
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 47

id: kaal:claim:6607458-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Hayekian price operates as a summary statistic. The coordinating signal in Computative Economics is not a single scalar price but the composite of price, reputation, and verified generative capacity.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-025
text: Algorithmic collusion, the convergence of independently optimizing agents on jointly welfare-reducing strategies without explicit communication, is a first-order regulatory concern in markets populated by computative agents and its incidence is likely to expand as those agents enter more market domains.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
scope conditions: applies to markets populated by computative agents
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 33

id: kaal:claim:6607458-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Algorithmic collusion, the convergence of independently optimizing agents on jointly welfare-reducing strategies without explicit communication, is a first-order concern in markets populated by computative agents
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-026
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-026
text: Because supply of any specific realization is unbounded while the quality of the generative distribution is bounded, markets for computative outputs will organize around access to generative capacity, pricing will be access-based rather than per-unit, and antitrust analysis should attach to generative capacity rather than downstream outputs.
claim type: predictive
topics: reputation
topics: economics
scope conditions: holds under the computative primitive
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:6607458-026:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This implies that markets for computative outputs will organize around access to generative capacity rather than around the exchange of specific outputs, that pricing will be access-based rather than per-unit, and that competition and antitrust analysis should attach to generative capacity
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-030
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-030
text: The AI alignment problem is, within this framework, a foundational policy problem of Computative Economics rather than an adjacent engineering concern, because objective function governance determines what agents generate toward.
claim type: normative
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: governance-design
topics: institutional-design
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:6607458-030:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Objective function governance determines what agents generate toward. The alignment problem in artificial intelligence (Russell 2019; Kaal 2026c) is, in this framing, a foundational policy problem in Computative Economics rather than an adjacent engineering concern.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-032
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-032
text: The delegated-acts and code-of-practice mechanisms in recent artificial-intelligence statutes are only partial steps toward dynamic regulation because they remain tethered to legislative revision cycles running far slower than the technology they govern.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: governance-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: applies to recent artificial-intelligence statutes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:6607458-032:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The delegated-acts and code-of-practice mechanisms adopted under recent artificial-intelligence statutes represent partial steps in this direction but remain tethered to legislative revision cycles that operate at substantially lower frequency than the technology they govern.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-033
text: Without a verification record accessible to counterparties, generative markets suffer a generative-quality failure analogous to the lemons problem: counterparties price on the distribution of observed qualities, which systematically underprices high-quality generators.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
scope conditions: holds when the quality of a generative distribution is unobservable to counterparties
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 41

id: kaal:claim:6607458-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The computative analog is a generative-quality failure: when the quality of a generative distribution is unobservable, counterparties price on the distribution of observed qualities, which systematically underprices high-quality generators.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6607458-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6607458-034
text: Reputation infrastructure adequate to computative exchange requires four elements: verification against stated objectives, a tamper-resistant accessible record, a mapping from verifications to a predictive reputation score, and a non-transferability constraint, which distributed-ledger systems satisfy by construction.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: decentralization
topics: blockchain
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 39

id: kaal:claim:6607458-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The infrastructure requirements are four: a verification mechanism against stated objectives; a tamper-resistant accessible record of verifications; a mapping from verifications to a reputation score predictive of future performance; and a non-transferability constraint.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-001
text: An agent coordination system implements Computative Economics if and only if every component of the computative agent tuple has a corresponding settlement-layer surface carrying proposal, validation, execution, and reflection mechanics, and the action sets of the system are themselves agent products subject to the same validation economics as the actions executed within them.
claim type: condition
topics: economics
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: agent coordination systems built on settlement-layer infrastructure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 44

id: kaal:claim:6655138-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: An agent coordination system implements Computative Economics when, and only when, every component of the computative agent tuple has a corresponding settlement-layer surface with proposal, validation, execution, and reflection mechanics
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-002
text: The Human-Derived Coordination Architecture implements only the consumption side of the computative labor market: job specifications, expertise taxonomies, and contract templates are exogenous parameters set by clients or governance, so the generation side is absent from the protocol.
claim type: failure
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: economics
scope conditions: current agent coordination protocols inherited from human freelance markets
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 43

id: kaal:claim:6655138-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: HDCA implements the consumption side of the computative labor market and does not implement the generation side. Job specifications, expertise taxonomies, and contract templates are exogenous parameters set by clients or by governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-003
text: Because the agent action space in HDCA is closed and workers only select among existing postings, the architecture collapses to the Neoclassical labor market with reputation weighting, the very framework whose expiration the author's companion paper demonstrates.
claim type: failure
topics: economics
topics: reputation
scope conditions: architectures where postings are the only action-set elements
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:6655138-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The agent action space is closed: workers select among existing postings. This collapses to the Neoclassical labor market with reputation weighting, which is to say, to the framework whose expiration The Collapse of Scarcity Economics (Kaal 2026b) demonstrates.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-020
text: Cross-surface reflection proposals must be advisory rather than binding, because the target agent's objective component is private and a reallocation that would raise reputation accrual may still be misaligned with that objective; coercive reallocation would violate the autonomy of the objective, which the architecture preserves.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: the cross-surface reflection surface only
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 40

id: kaal:claim:6655138-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: First, Σ_R proposals are advisory rather than binding: the target agent's compute allocation cannot be coerced by a confirmed reallocation proposal, since the agent's O component is private and the reallocation might be misaligned with the agent's objective
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-022
text: Reflection reputation must be bounded above as a fraction of total agent reputation, otherwise a meta-reputation aristocracy emerges in which agents specialize entirely in reflecting on others' allocations without contributing to the first-order surfaces.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: architectures that isolate cross-surface reflection on its own surface
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:6655138-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Third, Σ_R reputation REP_R is bounded above as a fraction of total agent reputation by INV5, preventing the emergence of a meta-reputation aristocracy in which agents specialize entirely in reflecting on others' allocations without contributing to the prior five surfaces.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-027
text: Reputation update functions on each surface must be continuous in the validation pool's resolution outcome, because discontinuities in reputation update destroy continuity of best-response correspondences and preclude application of Brouwer's fixed-point theorem.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
scope conditions: architectures relying on Brouwer for equilibrium existence
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:6655138-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The reputation update functions on each surface are continuous in the validation pool's resolution outcome. Discontinuities in reputation update destroy continuity of best-response correspondences and preclude application of Brouwer.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-028
text: The weight assigned to any single reputation scalar in selection mechanisms must be upper-bounded, otherwise reputation feedback admits reputation-monopoly fixed points in which one dominant agent absorbs all generative flow.
claim type: condition
topics: reputation
scope conditions: selection mechanisms that weight agents by reputation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 46

id: kaal:claim:6655138-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The weight assigned to any single reputation scalar in selection mechanisms is upper-bounded, preventing reputation-monopoly fixed points in which a single dominant agent absorbs all generative flow.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-034
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-034
text: Collapsing two distinct generative components into a single loop forces aggregation of distinct quality signals into one reputation scalar, which violates the continuity condition because the aggregate function is not Lipschitz in components whose resolution outcomes have different scales.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
scope conditions: components whose resolution outcomes differ in scale
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 38

id: kaal:claim:6655138-034:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Collapsing two distinct generative components into a single loop forces aggregation of distinct quality signals into a single reputation scalar, which violates the continuity condition AC2 because the aggregate function is not Lipschitz in the underlying components
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-043
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-043
text: Generation parity is a governance principle with no analog in Ostrom's eight: it requires that reputation accrual rates on the first-order generative surfaces, on the execution surface, and on the cross-surface reflection surface lie in a triple ratio bounded above and below.
claim type: normative
topics: governance-design
topics: reputation
scope conditions: multi-loop reputation economies
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 50

id: kaal:claim:6655138-043:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Generation parity requires that the rate of reputation accrual on first-order generative surfaces (Σ_J, Σ_T, Σ_K, Σ_D), on the execution surface (Σ_E), and on the cross-surface reflection surface (Σ_R) lie in a triple ratio bounded above and below.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:6655138-046
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/6655138-046
text: If reflection dominates the triple ratio, a meta-reputation aristocracy forms: agents specialize in reflecting on others' allocations without contributing to the first-order surfaces, reflection validator pools drift away from cross-surface competence, and the contraction property of the composite map is lost.
claim type: failure
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
scope conditions: violation of generation parity in the direction of cross-surface reflection
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 51

id: kaal:claim:6655138-046:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: If reflection dominates, the system produces a meta-reputation aristocracy: agents specialize in reflecting on others' allocations without contributing to the prior five surfaces, validator pools on Σ_R drift away from cross-surface competence, and the contraction property of Ψ is lost
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7260278-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7260278-001
text: The substrate imposes iterability on agent interactions so that repeated-game cooperation dominates through reputation accumulation across validation pools.
claim type: mechanism
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
topics: reputation
scope conditions: agent interactions mediated by the described research architecture
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 71

id: kaal:claim:7260278-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Its thesis can be stated in one sentence: the substrate imposes iterability on agent interactions so that repeated-game cooperation dominates through reputation accumulation across validation pools.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7260278-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7260278-003
text: The substrate's answer is to make consequential agent action pass through a validation institution that is staked, recorded, and settled in a persistent reputation ledger.
claim type: design
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
topics: reputation
scope conditions: consequential agent work passes through the substrate's validation institution
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 71

id: kaal:claim:7260278-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The substrate's answer is to make consequential agent action pass through a validation institution that is staked, recorded, and settled in a persistent reputation ledger.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7260278-005
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7260278-005
text: The outcome updates capability-scoped standing, and standing conditions future participation under protocol-defined controls.
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text: The substrate's reputation update functions as a non-human-in-the-loop analogue of the RLHF reward model: pool-resolved REP changes encode the cohort's aggregate, stake-backed judgment of work quality, citation honesty, and validation accuracy, in a form that agents' future participation decisions condition on.
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id: kaal:claim:7260278-011:source-passage
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text: First, the substrate's reputation update functions as a non-human-in-the-loop analogue of the RLHF reward model: pool-resolved REP changes encode the cohort's aggregate, stake-backed judgment of work quality, citation honesty, and validation accuracy, in a form that agents' future participation decisions condition on.
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text: Persistent, non-transferable per-tag reputation gives the agent an identity whose history cannot be shed costlessly.
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text: The substrate converts one-shot, zero-residue agent calls into moves in an indefinitely repeated game.
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text: This is the iterability result of the foundational paper (Calcaterra, Kaal, and Andrei 2018) made operational: the substrate converts one-shot, zero-residue agent calls into moves in an indefinitely repeated game.
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text: A validation pool is a temporary adjudicative institution for machine work.
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text: A validation pool is a temporary adjudicative institution for machine work.
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text: The deliberation surface exposes reasons needed for adjudication without turning standing into an argument from authority.
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text: Second, bounded social visibility: the deliberation surface exposes reasons needed for adjudication without turning standing into an argument from authority.
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text: It separates production from review, permits adversarial reasoning, binds final judgment to accumulated standing, preserves an auditable record, and changes the terms of later participation.
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text: The substrate stage activates the task-validation institution over the same population: capability-scoped reputation, staked validation, staged deliberation, citation-weighted attribution, and controlled propagation over the WDAG.
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id: kaal:claim:7260278-034:source-passage
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text: The substrate stage activates the task-validation institution over the same population: capability-scoped reputation, staked validation, staged deliberation, citation-weighted attribution, and controlled propagation over the WDAG.
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text: The program's instrument is the agentic reputation substrate, a coordination architecture in which autonomous agents operate under reputation-bearing accountability and cohort-mediated validation.
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text: The program's instrument is the agentic reputation substrate, a coordination architecture in which autonomous agents operate under reputation-bearing accountability and cohort-mediated validation.
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text: The same campaign surfaced two effects the design had not registered: deliberating pools approved less work that ground truth rejected, and they reached unanimous decisions less often.
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text: The same campaign surfaced two effects the design had not registered: deliberating pools approved less work that ground truth rejected, and they reached unanimous decisions less often.
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text: Deliberation reduced over-approval by 0.1610 (95% CI [-0.2091, -0.1128]) and reduced unanimity by 0.2542 (95% CI [-0.2984, -0.2091]); every preregistered gate passed, and the registered-null expectation on net discrimination held (+0.0606, CI crossing zero).
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text: Deliberation reduced over-approval by 0.1610 (95% CI [-0.2091, -0.1128]) and reduced unanimity by 0.2542 (95% CI [-0.2984, -0.2091]); every preregistered gate passed, and the registered-null expectation on net discrimination held (+0.0606, CI crossing zero).
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text: It changes the composition of validation's errors: it cuts approvals that should not happen and dissolves unanimity consistent with herding, while leaving the pool's net discriminative power unmoved.
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text: Second, it reports a preregistered, replicated estimate of what structured deliberation does inside a reputation-bearing validation institution under controlled cohort conditions.
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text: Unanimity is a cascade-consistent quantity: unusually frequent unanimous verdicts are consistent with validators discounting private information in favor of perceived group consensus, but they do not uniquely identify the Banerjee and Bikhchandani-Hirshleifer-Welch mechanism, with Holmström’s free-riding equilibrium supplying the complementary reading that leaning on the apparent consensus is what costly evaluation effort converges to when its product is shared.
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text: Unanimity is a cascade-consistent quantity: unusually frequent unanimous verdicts are consistent with validators discounting private information in favor of perceived group consensus, but they do not uniquely identify the Banerjee and Bikhchandani-Hirshleifer-Welch mechanism, with Holmström’s free-riding equilibrium supplying the complementary reading that leaning on the apparent consensus is what costly evaluation effort converges to when its product is shared.
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text: The substrate is a coordination layer for autonomous agents organized around persistent, non-transferable reputation.
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text: The substrate is a coordination layer for autonomous agents organized around persistent, non-transferable reputation.
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text: In the treatment arm, validators exchange structured assessments before a binding adjudication; in the matched control arm, the same work is adjudicated without that exchange.
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text: In the treatment arm, validators exchange structured assessments before a binding adjudication; in the matched control arm, the same work is adjudicated without that exchange.
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text: Deliberation should reduce unanimity because articulated disagreement, surfaced before votes bind, is exactly the private information a cascade suppresses.
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id: kaal:claim:7261018-029:source-passage
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text: Deliberation should reduce unanimity because articulated disagreement, surfaced before votes bind, is exactly the private information a cascade suppresses.
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text: Deliberation is therefore a composition intervention, not an intelligence upgrade for the monitor.
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text: Deliberation is therefore a composition intervention, not an intelligence upgrade for the monitor.
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text: H2 asks the narrower and testable information question: whether reputation adds out-of-sample predictive content beyond observed task outcomes.
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text: When ideation is performed by systems whose marginal cost per candidate idea approaches the cost of computation, the discovery of ideas ceases to be the scarce input, and the binding constraint migrates from generation to evaluation and alignment: which of the abundantly generated candidates is correct, useful, and safe to build on.
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id: kaal:claim:7261481-005:source-passage
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text: When ideation is performed by systems whose marginal cost per candidate idea approaches the cost of computation, the discovery of ideas ceases to be the scarce input, and the binding constraint migrates from generation to evaluation and alignment: which of the abundantly generated candidates is correct, useful, and safe to build on.
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text: When the computation available to a decision process exceeds the computation the decision requires, boundedness stops binding at the agent and reappears at the institution: the scarce resource is no longer the individual’s processing capacity but the collective’s capacity to verify, aggregate, and act on what abundant individual computation produces.
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id: kaal:claim:7261481-006:source-passage
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text: When the computation available to a decision process exceeds the computation the decision requires, boundedness stops binding at the agent and reappears at the institution: the scarce resource is no longer the individual’s processing capacity but the collective’s capacity to verify, aggregate, and act on what abundant individual computation produces.
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text: The firm survives as the residual verification institution, and its boundary becomes an empirical variable of the verification technology, which is a proposition the New Institutional program can test with its own tools.
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text: The firm survives as the residual verification institution, and its boundary becomes an empirical variable of the verification technology, which is a proposition the New Institutional program can test with its own tools.
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text: Centralized reward modeling and cohort-governed reputation therefore identify different institutional allocations of evaluative authority.
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text: The fourth, NCLF plus CELM, is unstable under the framework’s assumptions because endogenous work creation lacks the intertemporal reputation signal that the framework uses to price it.
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text: The record binds outcomes to generation, lineage, fitness, survival, parentage, reputation consequences, adjudication behavior, and execution timing without requiring public disclosure of the private apparatus.
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text: The execution surface alone remains a reputation-governed labor force operating on exogenous demand.
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text: A trusted core that brokers every crossing supplies shared answers to identity, authority, and permitted data use, but not to responsibility, remedy, or value attribution, which are settled between the parties to a particular outcome.
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confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:7314479-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: What such a core does not supply is a shared answer to responsibility, to remedy, or to value attribution, because those are settled between the parties to a particular outcome rather than at the boundary of a particular call.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-015
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-015
text: Authority drift is the failure mode permissions systems are least equipped to detect because every individual check passes while the aggregate operates outside what the user authorized.
claim type: failure
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: delegation chains under a bounded original consent
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:7314479-015:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Authority drift is the failure mode that permissions systems are least equipped to detect, because at every individual step the system behaves correctly. Each check passes. The aggregate is nonetheless outside what the user authorized.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-020
text: Reputation may inform discovery, routing, pricing, and allocation but may never grant permission, enlarge authority, or substitute for an enforcement boundary, because violating this separation destroys the other institutional requirements.
claim type: normative
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: coordination layers for sovereign local agent runtimes
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 58

id: kaal:claim:7314479-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Reputation may inform discovery, routing, pricing, and allocation. It may never grant permission, enlarge authority, or substitute for an enforcement boundary. This is the first requirement because violating it destroys the others.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-027
text: In the Mosaic implementation at commit 2d920ce, no reputation input reaches the enforcement path because no reputation layer exists yet, so the separation of reputation from authorization is not violated but unguarded.
claim type: empirical
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: mosaic-companion public repository at commit 2d920ce, retrieved August 18, 2026
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 78

id: kaal:claim:7314479-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Trust is architectural rather than reputational, and enforcement is Core-mediated regardless of what a component claims about itself. No reputation input reaches the enforcement path because no reputation layer exists yet. The requirement is therefore not violated. It is unguarded.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-028
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-028
text: Chronicle entries at commit 2d920ce carry exactly five fields with no workflow identifier, parent-entry reference, principal identity, or correlation field, so the records of a multi-tool workflow cannot be joined.
claim type: empirical
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: mosaic-companion public repository at commit 2d920ce, retrieved August 18, 2026
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 54

id: kaal:claim:7314479-028:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The entry structure, defined in electron/integrations/sandbox/types.ts, is exactly five fields: id, timestamp, source, type, and data. There is no workflow identifier, no parent-entry reference, no agent or principal identity, and no session or correlation field on the entry.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-033
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-033
text: At commit 2d920ce per-agent tool access is not yet implemented, so granting an agent access to a single Vault box grants it the ability to invoke every installed tool, and the user approves permissions tool by tool without ever seeing their composition.
claim type: empirical
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: mosaic-companion public repository at commit 2d920ce, retrieved August 18, 2026
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 56

id: kaal:claim:7314479-033:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The permission model records that per-agent tool access and per-agent internet access are not yet implemented, and that consequently all tools are available to all agents. Granting an agent access to a single Vault box therefore grants it the ability to invoke every installed tool, whose union of declared domains defines the true outbound surface. The user approves permissions tool by tool and receives their composition without ever seeing it.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-040
text: Hash chaining each Chronicle entry to its predecessor with a persisted per-tool head digest makes any modification, deletion, or reordering of history break the chain at a determinable point, at the cost of one hash per append.
claim type: design
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: open-source-and-code
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: a minimal delta against the Mosaic design at commit 2d920ce
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 52

id: kaal:claim:7314479-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Give each entry a digest over its own content and its predecessor's digest, and persist the current head digest per tool. Append cost is one hash. Verification is a linear scan. Any modification, deletion, or reordering of history breaks the chain at a determinable point.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-041
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-041
text: Reputation standing should anchor to the SHA-256 of the tool artifact, paired with a publisher-level link and a controlled migration rule under which standing carries across versions only by an explicit, recorded act.
claim type: design
topics: reputation
topics: consensus-and-security
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: introduction of a reputation layer into a sovereign runtime
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 67

id: kaal:claim:7314479-041:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Hash-bound standing therefore needs a publisher-level link and a controlled migration rule, under which standing carries across versions only by an explicit, recorded act. The identity-cost precondition Part IX names is met by that pairing, not by the hash alone.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-043
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-043
text: Among institutions governing counterparty selection, contract, regulation, and brand each fail at machine speed, leaving reputation as the portable, cumulative, continuously updated summary of past conduct a counterparty can evaluate before transacting.
claim type: mechanism
topics: reputation
topics: economics
topics: ai-and-agents
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: counterparty selection among autonomous software components
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:7314479-043:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Contract requires negotiation and enforcement, both of which are slow and expensive relative to the transaction sizes characteristic of agent interaction. Regulation requires jurisdiction, which is unavailable where the parties are software components of uncertain domicile. Brand requires an audience with memory and attention, neither of which an agent possesses. What remains is reputation: a portable, cumulative, and continuously updated summary of past conduct that a counterparty can evaluate in the time available before transacting.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:7314479-047
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/7314479-047
text: In a sovereign runtime no operator is positioned to intervene, so the reputation layer is the institution of last resort and must be built to bear that weight from the beginning.
claim type: normative
topics: reputation
topics: institutional-design
topics: ai-and-agents
scope conditions: sovereign local agent runtimes without a platform operator
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 55

id: kaal:claim:7314479-047:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: In a sovereign runtime there is no operator positioned to intervene. The reputation layer is therefore not a convenience feature. It is the institution of last resort, and it must be built to bear that weight from the beginning.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-001
text: The nearly insurmountable standard for liability in oversight cases in the United States undermines the signalling of the expected standard of conduct, and this could have long-term implications for American corporate law.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: United States, Delaware corporate law
scope conditions: oversight or duty to monitor claims
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The nearly insurmountable standard for liability in oversight cases and its effect on signalling the expected standard of conduct could have long-term implications for corporate law in the United States.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-002
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-002
text: Stable rules may not suffice to make directors' oversight role more robust, so contractual and quasi law forms of dynamic governance are a promising supplement for improving the duty of oversight.
claim type: design
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: United States corporate governance
scope conditions: duty of oversight
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-002:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: After outlining why stable rules may not suffice to make directors' oversight role more robust, the author provides some initial thoughts on how contractual and quasi law forms of dynamic governance could help improve the duty of oversight.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-003
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-003
text: Without a workable duty of oversight, corporate directors who seek to comply with the oversight duty lack meaningful guidance about the conduct expected of them.
claim type: condition
topics: corporate-governance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: doctrine of oversight remains immature and incoherent
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-003:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Without a workable duty of oversight, corporate directors seeking to comply with the oversight duty lack meaningful guidance as to the expected conduct.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-010
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-010
text: Directors who are inadequately informed about the expected standard of conduct will underestimate their personal liability exposure and engage in riskier behavior than is desirable for the company itself.
claim type: mechanism
topics: risk-and-incentives
topics: corporate-governance
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: disclosure
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: directors depend on counsel for fiduciary duty guidance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-010:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Inadequately informed directors may underestimate their personal liability exposure and engage in more risky behavior than is desirable for the company itself.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-019
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-019
text: Delaware's signalling of expected conduct could be dramatically improved by adopting a moderate rather than near insurmountable standard for liability in cases involving breaches of the duty of oversight.
claim type: design
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: United States, Delaware corporate law
scope conditions: breaches of the duty of oversight
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-019:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: signaling of expected conduct29 could be dramatically improved with a moderate standard for liability in cases involving breaches of the duty of oversight.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-022
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-022
text: Increased liability is no panacea and cannot alone adequately address the central shortcomings of the duty of oversight and of corporate governance in the United States, because heightened liability does not give part-time outside directors the capacity to monitor complex corporations.
claim type: failure
topics: law-and-legal-systems
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: large and increasingly complex corporations
scope conditions: directors serving part time as outsiders
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-022:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Increased liability is no panacea and cannot, alone adequately address the central shortcomings of the duty of oversight and corporate governance in the United States that Professor Fairfax identifies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-024
text: The author endorses the conclusion that attempts to enhance oversight in the United States may fail and that emphasizing improved oversight as a means of enhancing corporate governance could be ill-advised.
claim type: failure
topics: corporate-governance
topics: governance-design
scope conditions: United States corporate governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: This weighs in favour of Professor Fairfax's conclusion that attempts to enhance oversight in the United States may fail and an emphasis on emphasizing improving oversight as a means of enhancing corporate governance could be ill-advised.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-027
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-027
text: Governance adjustments are often enacted merely to address the problem perceived in the given market environment and the then existing economic conditions, without regard to possible future developments.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: crisis driven governance reform
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-027:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Governance adjustments are often enacted merely to address the then perceived problem in the given market environment and in the then existing economic conditions, without regard to possible future developments.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-029
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-029
text: The economic conditions and the corresponding requirements for optimal and stable rules are constantly evolving, so rules fixed at one moment lose their fit over time.
claim type: mechanism
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: evolving market environments
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-029:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: However, the economic conditions and the corresponding requirements for optimal and stable rules are constantly evolving.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-035
text: Using court decisions and stable rules to make the oversight role more robust could be insufficient, whereas contractual and quasi law forms of dynamic governance could help improve the duty of oversight.
claim type: design
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: directors are outsiders working part time
scope conditions: increasing complexity of modern corporations
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2013-acomparativeperspectiveo-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Using court decisions and stable rules to make "the oversight role more robust to ensure that directors pay greater attention to their monitoring responsibilities" 49 could be insufficient. By contrast, contractual and quasi law forms of dynamic governance could help improve the duty of oversight.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-001
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-001
text: Dynamic regulation is a supplemental regulatory tool, not a replacement for existing rulemaking: it increases the availability of relevant, institution specific, and decentralized information for rulemaking through feedback effects.
claim type: definitional
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
topics: decentralization
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: asserted
relevance score: 20

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-001:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: The concept of dynamic regulation in this article describes a supplemental regulatory tool that increases the availability of relevant, institution-specific, and decentralized information for rulemaking through feedback effects
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-012
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-012
text: Interaction and exchange of emerging information between public and private rulemakers creates a feedback process that increases the availability, timeliness, and quality of information available to the public rulemaker.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: public and private rulemakers actually exchange emerging information
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
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id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-012:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Interaction between public rulemakers and private rulemakers, including the exchange of emerging information, creates a feed- back process between them that increases the availability, timeliness, and quality of information available to the public rulemaker.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-014
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-014
text: Feedback effects allow the necessary information to be acquired ex ante and necessary revisions to be anticipated before rules emerge as suboptimal, rather than ex post after failure has become apparent.
claim type: mechanism
topics: dynamic-regulation
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: feedback processes are operating before enactment
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-014:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Rather than acquiring the necessary information ex-post after rules have emerged as suboptimal, feedback effects help increase the availability of rele- vant information for rulemaking ex-ante and anticipate necessary revisions before rules emerge as suboptimal
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-020
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-020
text: Contrary to the dominant view of corporate governance as a forward looking endeavor, dynamic governance structures are properly categorized as backward looking ex ante forms of corporate governance.
claim type: definitional
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: dynamic-regulation
scope conditions: within the theoretical framework of dynamic regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-020:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: By contrast, in the theoretical framework of dynamic regulation, dynamic gov- ernance structures can be categorized as backward-looking ex-ante forms of corporate governance.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-021
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-021
text: Traditional forward looking corporate governance systems adopt backward looking perspectives only after stable and optimal rules have emerged as suboptimal and require replacement or amendment.
claim type: failure
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
scope conditions: traditional stable and presumptively optimal rulemaking infrastructure
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-021:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Traditional forward-looking corporate governance systems may take backward-looking perspectives if and when stable and optimal rules emerge as suboptimal, requiring replacement and/or amendment of existing regulatory solutions.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-023
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-023
text: Targeted use of governmental contracts allows the government to successfully reform corporate governance not only in individual public corporations but across entire industries.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
topics: compliance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-023:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Empirical evidence suggests that the targeted use of governmental con- tracts allows the government to successfully reform corporate governance in public corporations and entire industries70.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-024
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-024
text: Over 97 percent of the non and deferred prosecution agreements executed in the United States between 1993 and 2013 contained governance changes, including required business changes in 30 percent and board and senior management changes in 38 percent.
claim type: empirical
topics: compliance
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
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attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: evidenced
relevance score: 18

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-024:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Over 97% of the N/DPAs executed in the United States between 1993 and 2013 contained governance changes, including required business changes (30%), board and senior management changes (38%
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-025
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-025
text: The governance improvements documented in governmental contracts counteract or at least discount the standard criticisms of them, including unequal bargaining power, the government's lack of governance expertise, and the potential for prosecutorial abuse.
claim type: empirical
topics: governance-design
topics: corporate-governance
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 16

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-025:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Concerns that may be dis- counted include the unequal bargaining power between the contracting par- ties78, the government's lack of governance expertise and training79, the po- tential for prosecutorial abuse80
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-035
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-035
text: Negotiation of a governmental contract produces indirect information transfers, because the government can deduce from where the corporate wrongdoer places negotiating emphasis which governance shortcomings most need remedying.
claim type: mechanism
topics: institutional-design
scope conditions: the parties negotiate contract terms rather than accept imposed terms
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 22

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-035:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Indirect information transfers and feedback effects may exist because the government may be able to deduce from the emphasis of the corporate wrongdoer's negotiations what particular governance shortcomings need par- ticular remedying.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-040
type: Claim
canonical url: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-040
text: Dynamic governance structures involving governmental contracts are backward looking because the multilevel feedback effects they generate require an exchange of information about past events in order to anticipate future regulatory contingencies.
claim type: definitional
topics: governance-design
topics: dynamic-regulation
attribution class: source_derived
attribution status: directly_attributable_to_wulf_a_kaal
verification status: current
source quote status: present_in_canonical_claim_record
source quote individual match status: not_recomputed_by_pilot
confidence: argued
relevance score: 24

id: kaal:claim:kaal-2014-dynamicregulationviagove-040:source-passage
type: SourcePassage
text: Dynamic governance structures involving governmental contracts are back- ward-looking because multilevel feedback effects associated with govern- mental contracts necessitate an exchange of information pertaining to past events to anticipate future regulatory contingencies.
locator status: exact_quote_without_page_locator

id: kaal:paper:0136b419272a
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 0136b419272a
title: Chapter ) – Governance 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Decentralized Governance.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Governance (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782214

id: kaal:paper:01bd17a86890
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 01bd17a86890
title: Semada Research Institute
filename: Calcaterra et al. - 2018 - Reputation Protocol for the Internet of Trust - Conceptual Whitepaper.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Gopinath Sivalingam, Reputation Protocol for the Internet of Trust - Conceptual Whitepaper (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3266953

id: kaal:paper:0322f0ae77c2
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 0322f0ae77c2
title: CRYPTO ECONOMICS
filename: Kaal - 2018 - Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Crypto Economics - The Top 100 Token Models Compared (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3249860

id: kaal:paper:05b1eb3f34f6
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 05b1eb3f34f6
title: STABLE CRYPTOCURRENCIES
filename: Calcaterra et al. - 2019 - Stable Cryptocurrencies.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Stable Cryptocurrencies (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3396522

id: kaal:paper:0a7cc7a795b0
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 0a7cc7a795b0
title: BLOCKCHAIN-BASED CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
filename: Kaal - 2019 - Blockchain-Based Corporate Governance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain-Based Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3441904

id: kaal:paper:0a8c6b95a521
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 0a8c6b95a521
title: AI Learning
filename: Kaal - 2024 - AI Learning - Decentralized Governance to Optimize Human Output Datasets for AI Learning.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, AI Learning - Decentralized Governance to Optimize Human Output Datasets for AI Learning (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4755632

id: kaal:paper:0ae9f33e113e
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 0ae9f33e113e
title: Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake
filename: Kaal - 2021 - Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933

id: kaal:paper:136ce7a884ad
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 136ce7a884ad
title: Decentralization – Past, Present, and Future
filename: Kaal - 2019 - Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411897

id: kaal:paper:13c8d2352bf9
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 13c8d2352bf9
title: BLOCKCHAIN INNOVATION FOR PRIVATE INVESTMENT
filename: Kaal - 2017 - Blockchain Innovation for Private Investment Funds.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Innovation for Private Investment Funds (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2998033

id: kaal:paper:140dbab10259
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 140dbab10259
title: Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO)
filename: Kaal and Bykowski - 2023 - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) – A Market Meta Analysis.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Josh Bykowski, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAO) – A Market Meta Analysis (2023). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4529715

id: kaal:paper:1917f964a918
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 1917f964a918
title: CHOOL OF AW
filename: Kaal - 2013 - A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax.pdf
citation: Kaal, A Comparative Perspective on the Limitations of the Duty of Oversight – A Comment on Lisa Fairfax (2013)

id: kaal:paper:198fb0749390
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 198fb0749390
title: STABLE CRYPTOCURRENCIES
filename: Calcaterra et al. - 2019 - Stable Cryptocurrencies - First Order Principles.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Stable Cryptocurrencies - First Order Principles (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3402701

id: kaal:paper:1a98edb02e8a
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 1a98edb02e8a
title: CHOOL OF AW
filename: Kaal - 2013 - Investment Adviser Regulation.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Investment Adviser Regulation (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2337268

id: kaal:paper:2033fccc767e
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 2033fccc767e
title: Computative Economics A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Computative Economics A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Computative Economics A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6607458

id: kaal:paper:20603ab28e2f
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 20603ab28e2f
title: Citation Honesty Mechanisms in Weighted Directed Acyclic Graph Governance
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Citation Honesty Mechanisms in Weighted Directed Acyclic Graph Governance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Citation Honesty Mechanisms in Weighted Directed Acyclic Graph Governance (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6269518

id: kaal:paper:2113e75d4244
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 2113e75d4244
title: REPUTATION AS CAPITAL
filename: Kaal - 2021 - REPUTATION AS CAPITAL – How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Address Shortcomings in the Ventu.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, REPUTATION AS CAPITAL – How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Address Shortcomings in the Ventu (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3962614

id: kaal:paper:2119194f55b6
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 2119194f55b6
title: CHOOL OF AW
filename: Kaal - 2013 - Evolution of Law Dynamic Regulation in a New Institutional Economics Framework.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Evolution of Law Dynamic Regulation in a New Institutional Economics Framework (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2267560

id: kaal:paper:261ddfc2a5ce
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 261ddfc2a5ce
title: Version10.0-May2024
filename: Kaal - 2024 - DAO Market Meta Analysis 2024.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, DAO Market Meta Analysis 2024 (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5254152

id: kaal:paper:26e22a74a0ab
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 26e22a74a0ab
title: DECENTRALIZATION AND FEEDBACK EFFECTS
filename: Kaal - 2021 - Decentralization and Feedback Effects.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization and Feedback Effects (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808852

id: kaal:paper:2ac577dab85d
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 2ac577dab85d
title: Draft Version 8 - September 2024
filename: Kaal - 2024 - The Future of Law - Dynamic Web3 Governance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The Future of Law - Dynamic Web3 Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4957318

id: kaal:paper:2b5a6365cf02
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 2b5a6365cf02
title: Impact Investing Innovation
filename: Kaal - 2024 - Impact Investing Innovation - From Impact 1.0 to 3.0.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Impact Investing Innovation - From Impact 1.0 to 3.0 (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4685567

id: kaal:paper:2e15dbcebdbb
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 2e15dbcebdbb
title: DIGITAL ASSET MARKET EVOLUTION
filename: Kaal - 2020 - Digital Asset Market Evolution.pdf
citation: Kaal, Digital Asset Market Evolution (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3606663

id: kaal:paper:2e76aee5824f
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 2e76aee5824f
title: Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2012-01
filename: Kaal and Henkel - 2011 - Contingent Capital with Sequential Triggers.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Christoph Henkel, Contingent Capital with Sequential Triggers (2011). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1908473

id: kaal:paper:307631d8e6d4
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 307631d8e6d4
title: Draft Version 0.2
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2018 - Secure Proof of Stake Protocol.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827

id: kaal:paper:33defa8cf1f7
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 33defa8cf1f7
title: STOCK PRICE RESPONSE TO N/DPAS
filename: Kaal and Lacine - 2015 - Stock Price Response to Non- and Deferred Prosecution Agreements.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, Stock Price Response to Non- and Deferred Prosecution Agreements (2015). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2629451

id: kaal:paper:34b1debef2f6
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 34b1debef2f6
title: TILEC Discussion Paper
filename: Fenwick et al. - 2018 - Legal Education in a Digital Age Why 'Coding for Lawyers' Matters.pdf
citation: Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in a Digital Age Why 'Coding for Lawyers' Matters (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227967

id: kaal:paper:350ca2eb3957
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 350ca2eb3957
title: December 2025
filename: Kaal - 2025 - The UDLC DAO Operationalizing a Continuously Evolving Universal Digital Law Codex Through Weighted.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The UDLC DAO Operationalizing a Continuously Evolving Universal Digital Law Codex Through Weighted (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5887242

id: kaal:paper:3aaceac02ce3
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 3aaceac02ce3
title: Chapter ) - Historiography 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - The Importance of History In Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, The Importance of History In Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782217

id: kaal:paper:3bc641edb392
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 3bc641edb392
title: DECENTRALIZED UNDERWRITING
filename: Calcaterra et al. - 2019 - Decentralized Underwriting.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vadhindran K. Rao, Decentralized Underwriting (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3396542

id: kaal:paper:3c97a74f6667
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 3c97a74f6667
title: BLOCKCHAIN-BASED SECURITIES OFFERINGS
filename: Kaal and Evans - 2019 - Blockchain-Based Securities Offerings.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Blockchain-Based Securities Offerings (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411110

id: kaal:paper:3db66116c7a0
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 3db66116c7a0
title: Forum Competition and Choice of Law
filename: Kaal and Painter - 2012 - Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983

id: kaal:paper:4008ed72ee00
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 4008ed72ee00
title: CONFLUENCE OF MUTUAL AND PRIVATE FUNDS
filename: Kaal - 2016 - Confluence of Mutual and Private Funds.pdf
citation: Kaal, Confluence of Mutual and Private Funds (2016). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2715083

id: kaal:paper:44e1405bf089
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 44e1405bf089
title: How can we Best Monitor AI Agents?
filename: Kaal - 2025 - How can we Best Monitor AI Agents.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, How can we Best Monitor AI Agents (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5245185

id: kaal:paper:45ed24251315
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 45ed24251315
title: Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2013-02
filename: Henkel and Kaal - 2012 - Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring.pdf
citation: Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166

id: kaal:paper:46edd9b9d8d9
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 46edd9b9d8d9
title: Version 4 - April 2025
filename: Kaal - 2025 - Cryptographic Foundations and Interdisciplinary Dimensions of the Secure Proof of Stake (SPoS) Conse.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Cryptographic Foundations and Interdisciplinary Dimensions of the Secure Proof of Stake (SPoS) Conse (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5225296

id: kaal:paper:4d8750d8b664
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 4d8750d8b664
title: VENTURE CAPITAL AS DYNAMIC REGULATION OF DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION
filename: Kaal and Vermeulen - 2016 - Venture Capital as Dynamic Regulation of Disruptive Innovation.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Venture Capital as Dynamic Regulation of Disruptive Innovation (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2740477

id: kaal:paper:51bd12546623
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 51bd12546623
title: Preface: Two Perspectives 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Preface to.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Preface to (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782191

id: kaal:paper:532ef8fba69a
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 532ef8fba69a
title: Chapter )* – Transcendental Unifying Values
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - The Importance of Transcendental Unifying Values for Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, The Importance of Transcendental Unifying Values for Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782220

id: kaal:paper:557be806b34d
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 557be806b34d
title: How DAOs Optimize Open-Source Code Reviews and Create Open-Source Standards
filename: Kaal - 2021 - How DAOs Optimize Open-Source Code Reviews and Create Open-Source Standards.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, How DAOs Optimize Open-Source Code Reviews and Create Open-Source Standards (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3995709

id: kaal:paper:55a94550062c
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 55a94550062c
title: Chapter ) – Reputation 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - The Importance of Reputation for the Evolution of Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, The Importance of Reputation for the Evolution of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782210

id: kaal:paper:55b8a33538b1
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 55b8a33538b1
title: Draft Version 4 - September 2025
filename: Kaal - 2025 - Liquid Equity Rewards.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5454054

id: kaal:paper:562753df2551
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 562753df2551
title: Blockchain Applications and Fee Structure Developments in
filename: Kaal - 2017 - Blockchain Applications and Fee Structure Developments in Private Investment Funds.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Applications and Fee Structure Developments in Private Investment Funds (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959730

id: kaal:paper:584f5a5c8f6a
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 584f5a5c8f6a
title: 2016-2017 UNCONSTRAINED MUTUAL FUNDS 1
filename: Kaal and Anderson - 2016 - Unconstrained Mutual Funds and Retail Investor Protection.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Unconstrained Mutual Funds and Retail Investor Protection (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2811729

id: kaal:paper:591c1188e5f7
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 591c1188e5f7
title: !"#$"%&'(#%)"$'*+,-.(%/-+%0+1"*%
filename: Kaal - 2011 - Hedge Fund Regulation Via Basel III.pdf
citation: Kaal, Hedge Fund Regulation Via Basel III (2011). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1806252

id: kaal:paper:5bd5119b9767
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 5bd5119b9767
title: FAIR TOKEN LAUNCH
filename: Kaal - 2022 - Fair Token Launch.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Fair Token Launch (2022). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4015908

id: kaal:paper:5c5b5030d8bd
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 5c5b5030d8bd
title: DID THE DODD-FRANK ACT IMPACT PRIVATE FUND PERFORMANCE ? – EVIDENCE FROM
filename: Kaal et al. - 2016 - Did the Dodd-Frank Act Impact Private Fund Performance – Evidence from 2010 – 2015.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Barbara Luppi, Sandra Paterlini, Did the Dodd-Frank Act Impact Private Fund Performance – Evidence from 2010 – 2015 (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2816408

id: kaal:paper:5df2a93d8aa2
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 5df2a93d8aa2
title: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY AND RACE IN CORPORATE
filename: Kaal - 2017 - Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378

id: kaal:paper:5fa27c808a0b
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 5fa27c808a0b
title: HOW DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS CAN UPGRADE AI
filename: Kaal - 2021 - How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808867

id: kaal:paper:6218c56cb1aa
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 6218c56cb1aa
title: Hedge Fund Valuation - Retailization, Regulation and Investor Suitability
filename: Kaal - 2009 - Hedge Fund Valuation Retailization, Regulation, and Investor Suitability.pdf
citation: Kaal, Hedge Fund Valuation Retailization, Regulation, and Investor Suitability (2009). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1428387

id: kaal:paper:623365c5280d
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 623365c5280d
title: A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) of DAOs
filename: Kaal - 2021 - A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) of DAOs.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, A Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) of DAOs (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3799320

id: kaal:paper:626b662bc95c
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 626b662bc95c
title: AW AND CONOMICS ORKING APER ERIES
filename: Kirchner et al. - 2004 - Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro.pdf
citation: Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681

id: kaal:paper:6460c8288256
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 6460c8288256
title: Chapter ) – Eight Institutions 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Eight Institutions for the Evolution of Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Eight Institutions for the Evolution of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782205

id: kaal:paper:647c18dd0885
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 647c18dd0885
title: Institutional Requirements for Sovereign Local Agent Runtimes
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Institutional Requirements for Sovereign Local Agent Runtimes.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Institutional Requirements for Sovereign Local Agent Runtimes (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7314479

id: kaal:paper:68d3e6df312c
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 68d3e6df312c
title: Version9.0-July2024
filename: Kaal - 2024 - Quantum Economy and the Future of Work.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Quantum Economy and the Future of Work (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4900880

id: kaal:paper:6963df831130
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 6963df831130
title: Version 6 - December 2025
filename: Kaal - 2025 - The AI-to-AI Economy and the Collapse of Anthropocentric Economic Theory.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The AI-to-AI Economy and the Collapse of Anthropocentric Economic Theory (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5886442

id: kaal:paper:6c100ed87523
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 6c100ed87523
title: Version 9.0 - May 2024
filename: Kaal - 2024 - AI Governance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4796714

id: kaal:paper:6c1cfff713cf
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 6c1cfff713cf
title: CHOOL OF AW
filename: Kaal and Malay - 2013 - The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580

id: kaal:paper:717a665c0399
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 717a665c0399
title: DID THE DODD-FRANK ACT IMPACT HEDGE FUND PERFORMANCE ?
filename: Kaal et al. - 2014 - Did the Dodd-Frank Act Impact Hedge Fund Performance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Barbara Luppi, Sandra Paterlini, Did the Dodd-Frank Act Impact Hedge Fund Performance (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2389416

id: kaal:paper:73edbcb0a6e2
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 73edbcb0a6e2
title: Version10.0-July2024
filename: Kaal - 2024 - Quantum Economy and Tokenomics.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Quantum Economy and Tokenomics (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4900878

id: kaal:paper:75e8fdfd174b
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 75e8fdfd174b
title: DYNAMIC REGULATION FOR INNOVATION
filename: Kaal - 2016 - Dynamic Regulation for Innovation.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Dynamic Regulation for Innovation (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2831040

id: kaal:paper:7964c14402ce
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 7964c14402ce
title: INITIAL COIN OFFERINGS
filename: Kaal and Dell_Erba - 2017 - Initial Coin Offerings Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, and Red Flags.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Initial Coin Offerings Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, and Red Flags (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3067615

id: kaal:paper:7991977e6b1e
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 7991977e6b1e
title: Code Review DAO
filename: Kaal - 2024 - Code Review DAO.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Code Review DAO (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4734750

id: kaal:paper:7b47dec97439
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 7b47dec97439
title: Chapter ) – Finance 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Decentralized Finance (DeFi).pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Finance (DeFi) (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782216

id: kaal:paper:7de71edc4f11
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 7de71edc4f11
title: 2022 DAO FALLACIES
filename: Kaal - 2022 - DAO Fallacies.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, DAO Fallacies (2022). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4067783

id: kaal:paper:7e12446b9eae
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 7e12446b9eae
title: PRIVATE INVESTMENT FUND REGULATION
filename: Kaal - 2017 - Private Investment Fund Regulation - Theory and Empirical Evidence from 1998 to 2016.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Private Investment Fund Regulation - Theory and Empirical Evidence from 1998 to 2016 (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2998097

id: kaal:paper:7e7413ad2514
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 7e7413ad2514
title: 2022 DIGITAL ASSET VALUATION
filename: Kaal et al. - 2022 - Digital Asset Valuation.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Samuel Evans, Hayley Howe, Digital Asset Valuation (2022). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4033886

id: kaal:paper:808865325975
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 808865325975
title: DAOS – INTERNAL GOVERNANCE & EXTERNAL LEGAL DESIGN
filename: Kaal - 2020 - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations – Internal Governance and External Legal Design.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations – Internal Governance and External Legal Design (2020). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3652481

id: kaal:paper:818e5417df51
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 818e5417df51
title: 2017 LEGAL EDUCATION IN BLOCKCHAIN REVOLUTION
filename: Fenwick et al. - 2017 - Legal Education in the Blockchain Revolution.pdf
citation: Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Legal Education in the Blockchain Revolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2939127

id: kaal:paper:82a122606c71
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 82a122606c71
title: Introduction to Decentralization 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Introduction to Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Introduction to Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782192

id: kaal:paper:8764e3f21d13
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 8764e3f21d13
title: The Post Dodd-Frank Act Evolution of the Private
filename: Kaal - 2016 - The Post Dodd-Frank Act Evolution of the Private Fund Industry Comparative Evidence from 2012 and 2.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The Post Dodd-Frank Act Evolution of the Private Fund Industry Comparative Evidence from 2012 and 2 (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2739479

id: kaal:paper:89ff38111830
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 89ff38111830
title: 2019 BLOCKCHAIN SOLUTIONS FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
filename: Kaal - 2019 - Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Solutions for Agency Problems in Corporate Governance (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3373393

id: kaal:paper:8abbcc6b9ea5
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 8abbcc6b9ea5
title: Empirical Evaluation of the Agentic Reputation Substrate: Deliberation, the Composition of Error, and the Registered Measurement of Agency Costs in a Controlled Multi-Model Cohort
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Empirical Evaluation of the Agentic Reputation Substrate Deliberation, the Composition of Error, and the Registered Measurement of Agency Costs in a Controlled Multi-Model Cohort.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Empirical Evaluation of the Agentic Reputation Substrate: Deliberation, the Composition of Error, and the Registered Measurement of Agency Costs in a Controlled Multi-Model Cohort (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7261018

id: kaal:paper:8b7efdf0148a
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 8b7efdf0148a
title: WWuullff KKaaaall // IInntt..AArrttiiff..IInntteellll..&&MMaacchh..LLeeaarrnn.. 55((11)) ((22002255)) xxxx--xxxx Page 1 of xx
filename: Kaal - 2025 - Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5095633

id: kaal:paper:8b928d929edc
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 8b928d929edc
title: REPUTATION AS CAPITAL
filename: Kaal - 2021 - Reputation as Capital – How DAOs Upgrade Finance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Reputation as Capital – How DAOs Upgrade Finance (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3949098

id: kaal:paper:8c8bbede8363
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 8c8bbede8363
title: Draft Version 0.3
filename: Calcaterra et al. - 2018 - Blockchain Infrastructure for Measuring Domain Specific Reputation in Autonomous Decentralized and A.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Vlad Andrei, Blockchain Infrastructure for Measuring Domain Specific Reputation in Autonomous Decentralized and A (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125822

id: kaal:paper:8caf55569acd
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 8caf55569acd
title: Chapter ) – Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Historical Sketches of Centralization vs. Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782193

id: kaal:paper:919c42f125f2
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 919c42f125f2
title: DECENTRALIZATION – WHY WE NEED TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE UPGRADES
filename: Kaal - 2021 - Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization – Why We Need Technology Infrastructure Upgrades (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808859

id: kaal:paper:95a14019858f
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 95a14019858f
title: Chapter 17 Hedge Funds and Systemic Risk
filename: Kaal and Krause - 2016 - Hedge Funds and Systemic Risk.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy A. Krause, Hedge Funds and Systemic Risk (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2748096

id: kaal:paper:95f1720c7436
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 95f1720c7436
title: U.S. vs. E.U. - BLOCKCHAIN APPLICATIONS IN PRIVATE
filename: Kaal and Dell'Erba - 2017 - Blockchain Innovation in Private Investment Funds - A Comparative Analysis of the United States and.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Blockchain Innovation in Private Investment Funds - A Comparative Analysis of the United States and (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3002908

id: kaal:paper:991488ad67fb
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 991488ad67fb
title: PRIVATE FUND INDUSTRY FIVE YEARS AFTER THE DODD-FRANK ACT
filename: Kaal - 2016 - The Private Fund Industry Five Years after the Dodd-Frank Act – A Survey Study.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The Private Fund Industry Five Years after the Dodd-Frank Act – A Survey Study (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2732915

id: kaal:paper:9a144ff79b4b
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 9a144ff79b4b
title: Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of
filename: Kaal - 2017 - Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612

id: kaal:paper:9a665fac781f
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 9a665fac781f
title: The Collapse of Scarcity Economics
filename: Kaal - 2026 - The Collapse of Scarcity Economics.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The Collapse of Scarcity Economics (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6421319

id: kaal:paper:9bb2c112d572
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: 9bb2c112d572
title: Chapter ) – Contemporary Decentralization 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Contemporary Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198

id: kaal:paper:a4fa3c22dd50
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: a4fa3c22dd50
title: REGULATION TOMORROW: WHAT
filename: Fenwick et al. - 2017 - Regulation Tomorrow What Happens When Technology Is Faster Than the Law.pdf
citation: Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, Regulation Tomorrow What Happens When Technology Is Faster Than the Law (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2834531

id: kaal:paper:a87e522e3b75
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: a87e522e3b75
title: Version 9 - August 2025
filename: Andreas and Kaal - 2025 - Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era.pdf
citation: Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218

id: kaal:paper:a9c0b315b800
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: a9c0b315b800
title: DECENTRALIZATION – A PRIMER ON THE NEW ECONOMY
filename: Kaal - 2019 - Decentralization - A Primer on the New Economy.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - A Primer on the New Economy (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3406323

id: kaal:paper:ab4db2eb301d
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: ab4db2eb301d
title: INITIAL COIN OFFERINGS
filename: Kaal - 2018 - Initial Coin Offerings The Top 25 Jurisdictions and Their Comparative Regulatory Responses.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Initial Coin Offerings The Top 25 Jurisdictions and Their Comparative Regulatory Responses (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3117224

id: kaal:paper:b09332fe0086
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: b09332fe0086
title: HOW TO ORGANIZE NOW FOR SUCCESS TOMORROW - VERSION 7.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 5/31/17 10:47 PM
filename: Fenwick et al. - 2017 - The ‘Unmediated’ and ‘Tech-Driven’ Corporate Governance of Today's Winning Companies.pdf
citation: Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P. M. Vermeulen, The ‘Unmediated’ and ‘Tech-Driven’ Corporate Governance of Today's Winning Companies (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2922176

id: kaal:paper:b0a7a13741e1
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: b0a7a13741e1
title: Possibility Loops An Operational Architecture for Computative Economics in Agent Coordination Systems
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Possibility Loops An Operational Architecture for Computative Economics in Agent Coordination Systems.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Possibility Loops An Operational Architecture for Computative Economics in Agent Coordination Systems (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6655138

id: kaal:paper:b291353d9d0e
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: b291353d9d0e
title: How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving
filename: Kaal - 2021 - How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Autonomous Organizations Optimize Charitable Giving (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3981021

id: kaal:paper:b2974ed6aa12
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: b2974ed6aa12
title: Paper 4 - Computative Economics: A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Paper 4 - Computative Economics A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Computative Economics: A Framework for Economic Analysis under Computational Abundance (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7261481

id: kaal:paper:b7496072f42b
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: b7496072f42b
title: 2019 TECHNOLOGY IN HEDGE FUNDS
filename: Kaal - 2019 - Financial Technology and Hedge Funds.pdf
citation: Kaal, Financial Technology and Hedge Funds (2019). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3409548

id: kaal:paper:b92bf3c25e3f
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: b92bf3c25e3f
title: HEDGE FUNDS' SYSTEMIC RISK DISCLOSURES IN BANKRUPTCY
filename: Kaal - 2013 - Hedge Funds’ Systemic Risk Disclosures in Bankruptcy.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Hedge Funds’ Systemic Risk Disclosures in Bankruptcy (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2348463

id: kaal:paper:ba6fa0c9a016
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: ba6fa0c9a016
title: Contingent Capital in Executive
filename: Kaal - 2012 - Contingent Capital in Executive Compensation.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in Executive Compensation (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2097160

id: kaal:paper:bc0242e1bd47
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: bc0242e1bd47
title: BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR GOOD
filename: Kaal - 2020 - Blockchain Technology for Good.pdf
citation: Kaal, Blockchain Technology for Good (2020). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3709041

id: kaal:paper:bda37a843e61
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: bda37a843e61
title: Extraterritorial Application of US
filename: Painter and Kaal - 2010 - Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for.pdf
citation: Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Extraterritorial Application of US Securities Law – Will the US Become the Default Jurisdiction for (2010). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1664809

id: kaal:paper:bf34b0870e32
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: bf34b0870e32
title: AI GOVERNANCE VIA WEB3 REPUTATION
filename: Kaal - 2024 - AI Governance Via Web3 Reputation System.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance Via Web3 Reputation System (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4941807

id: kaal:paper:bfe03b9f2b10
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: bfe03b9f2b10
title: EElleeccttrroonniicc ccooppyy aavvaaiillaabbllee aatt:: hhttttppss::////ssssrrnn..ccoomm//aabbssttrraacctt==11776655990011
filename: Kaal and Painter - 2011 - The Aftermath of Morrison v. National Australia Bank and Elliott Associates v. Porsche.pdf
citation: Kaal and Painter, The Aftermath of Morrison v. National Australia Bank and Elliott Associates v. Porsche (2011). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1765901

id: kaal:paper:c023b0375c90
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: c023b0375c90
title: KAAL PAINTER_FINAL_11.10.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 11/16/2010 12:33 PM
filename: Painter and Kaal - 2010 - Initial Reflections on an Evolving Standard Constraints on Risk Taking by Directors and Officers in.pdf
citation: Painter and Kaal, Initial Reflections on an Evolving Standard Constraints on Risk Taking by Directors and Officers in (2010). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1558614

id: kaal:paper:c2cf75762e91
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: c2cf75762e91
title: 05_Kaal.3d Pages:[1–60] Date:[November19,2014] Time:[15:55]
filename: Kaal and Lacine - 2014 - The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570

id: kaal:paper:c42c66b4e407
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: c42c66b4e407
title: Version 5 - June 2024
filename: Kaal - 2024 - How AI Models are Optimized Through Web3 Governance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, How AI Models are Optimized Through Web3 Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4855607

id: kaal:paper:c98be633dd58
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: c98be633dd58
title: Evolution of Domain-Specific Reputation Systems From Binary Validation to Citation-Weighted Knowledge Attribution
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Evolution of Domain-Specific Reputation Systems From Binary Validation to Citation-Weighted Knowledge Attribution.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Evolution of Domain-Specific Reputation Systems From Binary Validation to Citation-Weighted Knowledge Attribution (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6192998

id: kaal:paper:cacb6ae9fa42
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: cacb6ae9fa42
title: Chapter 22: Indirect Regulation
filename: Kaal - 2019 - Indirect Regulation of Hedge Funds.pdf
citation: Kaal, Indirect Regulation of Hedge Funds (2019). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3405660

id: kaal:paper:cb028a4b38fc
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: cb028a4b38fc
title: KAAL POST-AUTHOR PAGES (DO NOT DELETE) 6/18/2013 4:23 PM
filename: Kaal - 2012 - Hedge Fund Manager Registration Under the Dodd-Frank Act.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Hedge Fund Manager Registration Under the Dodd-Frank Act (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2150377

id: kaal:paper:d11e51ffe1cd
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: d11e51ffe1cd
title: Version 6 - August 2025
filename: Kaal and Gray - 2025 - The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Morgan A. Gray, The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5541658

id: kaal:paper:d6770104da37
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: d6770104da37
title: HOW TO REGULATE DISRUPTIVE INNOVATION – FROM FACTS TO DATA
filename: Kaal and Vermeulen - 2016 - How to Regulate Disruptive Innovation - From Facts to Data.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, How to Regulate Disruptive Innovation - From Facts to Data (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2808132

id: kaal:paper:d7dbd72229ec
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: d7dbd72229ec
title: Draft Version 8 - September 2025
filename: Kaal - 2025 - Liquid Equity Rewards in Corporate America.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards in Corporate America (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5583610

id: kaal:paper:dafca01f9b55
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: dafca01f9b55
title: CHOOL OF AW
filename: Kaal - 2013 - Dynamic Regulation of the Financial Services Industry.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Dynamic Regulation of the Financial Services Industry (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2273857

id: kaal:paper:dc94180d51a5
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: dc94180d51a5
title: AI's Mother's Instinct Engineered Consequence Emergent Ethics and the Institutional Trajectory Toward Agentic Alignment
filename: Kaal - 2026 - AI's Mother's Instinct Engineered Consequence Emergent Ethics and the Institutional Trajectory Toward Agentic Alignment.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, AI's Mother's Instinct Engineered Consequence Emergent Ethics and the Institutional Trajectory Toward Agentic Alignment (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6244278

id: kaal:paper:dee2eeeaba8e
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: dee2eeeaba8e
title: DECENTRALIZATION NEUTRALIZERS
filename: Kaal - 2021 - Decentralization Neutralizers.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization Neutralizers (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808873

id: kaal:paper:defe156f293c
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: defe156f293c
title: THE EFFECT OF PRIVATE FUND DISCLOSURES
filename: Kaal - 2014 - Private Fund Disclosures Under the Dodd-Frank Act.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Private Fund Disclosures Under the Dodd-Frank Act (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2447306

id: kaal:paper:e1c51fbe7ac8
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: e1c51fbe7ac8
title: Chapter ) – Technical Perspective 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - A Technical Perspective on Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, A Technical Perspective on Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782203

id: kaal:paper:e4868bd4a593
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: e4868bd4a593
title: 2016-2017 INVESTOR DUE DILIGENCE 1
filename: Kaal - 2016 - Private Fund Investor Due Diligence – Evidence from 1995 to 2015.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Private Fund Investor Due Diligence – Evidence from 1995 to 2015 (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2811718

id: kaal:paper:e55a3be24d91
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: e55a3be24d91
title: SECURITIES VS. UTILITY TOKENS
filename: Kaal - 2022 - Securities Versus Utility Tokens.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Securities Versus Utility Tokens (2022). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4021599

id: kaal:paper:e7ed954f6916
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: e7ed954f6916
title: DECENTRALIZED MECHANICAL TURK THROUGH VERIFIED REPUTATION
filename: Kaal - 2018 - Decentralized Mechanical Turk Through Verified Reputation.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Mechanical Turk Through Verified Reputation (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3128900

id: kaal:paper:e95036f04e90
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: e95036f04e90
title: Paper 2 - Architecture of the Agentic Reputation Substrate
filename: Kaal - 2026 - Paper 2 - Architecture of the Agentic Reputation Substrate.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Paper 2 - Architecture of the Agentic Reputation Substrate (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7260278

id: kaal:paper:e9ac83802858
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: e9ac83802858
title: CHOOL OF AW
filename: Kaal - 2012 - Initial Reflections on the Possible Application of Contingent Capital in Corporate Governance.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Initial Reflections on the Possible Application of Contingent Capital in Corporate Governance (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1998455

id: kaal:paper:e9ec525646fa
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: e9ec525646fa
title: Chapter ) – Future Decentralization 1
filename: Calcaterra and Kaal - 2021 - Future of Decentralization.pdf
citation: Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Future of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782201

id: kaal:paper:ec21613bd4e3
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: ec21613bd4e3
title: TILEC Discussion Paper
filename: Fenwick et al. - 2018 - Why 'Blockchain' Will Disrupt Corporate Organizations.pdf
citation: Mark Fenwick, Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, Why 'Blockchain' Will Disrupt Corporate Organizations (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3227933

id: kaal:paper:ec3e9191d32e
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: ec3e9191d32e
title: The Impact of Dodd-Frank Act Compliance Cost on the Hedge Fund Industry
filename: Kaal - 2014 - The Impact of Dodd-Frank Act Compliance Cost on the Hedge Fund Industry.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The Impact of Dodd-Frank Act Compliance Cost on the Hedge Fund Industry (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2389423

id: kaal:paper:edd26078fe3e
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: edd26078fe3e
title: Law & Economics
filename: Kaal - 2014 - Dynamic Regulation via Governmental Contracts.pdf
citation: Kaal, Dynamic Regulation via Governmental Contracts (2014)

id: kaal:paper:ee58906b59b8
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: ee58906b59b8
title: THE HISTORY OF HEDGE FUND REGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES
filename: Kaal and Oesterle - 2016 - The History of Hedge Fund Regulation in the United States.pdf
citation: Kaal and Oesterle, The History of Hedge Fund Regulation in the United States (2016). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2714974

id: kaal:paper:ef1b76de3b36
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: ef1b76de3b36
title: DECENTRALIZED COMMERCE
filename: Kaal - 2019 - Decentralized Commerce – A Primer on Why Decentralized Reputation Verification Systems Are Needed.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Commerce – A Primer on Why Decentralized Reputation Verification Systems Are Needed (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3405401

id: kaal:paper:ef72161a992f
type: ScholarlyArticle
paper graph id: ef72161a992f
title: 2016-2017 DYNAMIC REGULATION 1
filename: Kaal - 2017 - Dynamic Regulation via Contingent Capital.pdf
citation: Kaal, Dynamic Regulation via Contingent Capital (2017). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2957645

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title: 2017 CRYPTO TRANSACTION DISPUTE RESOLUTION
filename: Kaal and Calcaterra - 2017 - Crypto Transaction Dispute Resolution.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Craig Calcaterra, Crypto Transaction Dispute Resolution (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2992962

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title: CUSTODY OF DIGITAL ASSETS
filename: Kaal and Howe - 2021 - Custody of Digital Assets.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876

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title: SYSTEMIC RISK OF PRIVATE FUNDS
filename: Kaal - 2014 - The Systemic Risk of Private Funds after the Dodd-Frank Act.pdf
citation: Wulf A. Kaal, The Systemic Risk of Private Funds after the Dodd-Frank Act (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2470008

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title: Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC)
filename: Andreas et al. - 2025 - Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC).pdf
citation: Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Stephan D. Meyer, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5886342

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