# kaal:claim:2029983-008

**Claim.** Harmonization is politically unattainable absent either a central authority able to preempt the law of many jurisdictions or a single jurisdiction with enough economic clout to impose its rules on others, which makes harmonization especially difficult beyond national borders.

**Type.** condition  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- cross border harmonization
- no supranational preemptive authority exists

**Source quote.**

> Second, harmonization is difficult to accomplish politi- cally unless there is a central authority that can preempt the law in a multitude of jurisdictions or, alternatively, a jurisdic- tion has so much economic clout that it can impose its rules on others.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, *Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral* (2012), I.A. The Harmonization Alternative, page 17

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Richard W. Painter, Forum Competition and Choice of Law Competition in Securities Law after Morrison v. National Austral (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2029983

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `fde2ff611420eb283cbb49a6b681a2ae8efa2b4603ae71480e2d91483f0295f2` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Painter%20-%202012%20-%20Forum%20Competition%20and%20Choice%20of%20Law%20Competition%20in%20Securities%20Law%20after%20Morrison%20v.%20National%20Austral.pdf

**Failure mode.** harmonization-political-impossibility  (family: harmonization-and-standardization-failure)

**Topics.** economics

**Keywords.** harmonization, political-economy, preemption, cross-border-regulation

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