# kaal:claim:2486570-037

**Claim.** The governance trends reported in this study apply only to corporations that actually executed an agreement, so because a disproportionately large number of corporations self correct or self report instead, the findings may capture only the tip of the iceberg.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- sample restricted to corporations that executed an N/DPA

**Source quote.**

> The corporate governance trends identified in this study only pertain to corporations that have executed N/DPAs.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, *The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20* (2014), VI.C. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH, page 59

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Timothy Lacine, The Effect of Deferred and Non-Prosecution Agreements on Corporate Governance Evidence from 1993-20 (2014). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2486570

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `8c3981c9a55d8a3fe59a01660584eebc3feb3fb9109ca65344095bebe4ae49a4` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Lacine%20-%202014%20-%20The%20Effect%20of%20Deferred%20and%20Non-Prosecution%20Agreements%20on%20Corporate%20Governance%20Evidence%20from%201993-20.pdf

**Failure mode.** executed-agreement-selection-bias  (family: sample-and-selection-bias)

**Topics.** empirical-evidence, research-methods, disclosure

**Keywords.** selection-bias, scope-limitations, empirical-method, self-reporting

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.