# kaal:claim:2808132-008

**Claim.** Market leaders, successful institutions, and managers fail specifically when they do not distinguish sustaining technologies from disruptive technologies.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- established firms with existing customer bases and mainstream market orientation

**Source quote.**

> markets.38 Market leaders, successful institutions, and managers fail when they do not distinguish sustaining technologies from disruptive technologies.39

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, *How to Regulate Disruptive Innovation - From Facts to Data* (2016), II. Characteristics of Disruptive Innovation, page 10

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Erik P.M. Vermeulen, How to Regulate Disruptive Innovation - From Facts to Data (2016). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2808132

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `3515f2317ed9c1d33ae55d70467cdf1f6c4e350065ea6a887d5d7619599ad7d2` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Vermeulen%20-%202016%20-%20How%20to%20Regulate%20Disruptive%20Innovation%20-%20From%20Facts%20to%20Data.pdf

**Failure mode.** Sustaining and disruptive technology conflation  (family: incumbent-resistance-to-adoption)

**Topics.** innovation

**Keywords.** incumbent-failure, sustaining-vs-disruptive, innovation-management, disruptive-innovation

**Related claims.**

- restated_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-010
- extended_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-011

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.