# kaal:claim:3017612-020

**Claim.** Courts have recognized an enhanced fiduciary duty among participants in closely held corporations, holding that majority shareholders owe fiduciary duties not only to the corporation but to minority shareholders as a class.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- closely held corporations
- majority or controlling shareholders

**Source quote.**

> The distinct needs of close corporations is also shown as courts have recognized an enhanced fiduciary duty among participants in closely held corporations.64 Courts have held that majority shareholders have a fiduciary duty not only to the corporation but also to minority shareholders as a class

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America* (2017), III.1 Shareholders' Agreements on Shareholder Rights, page 10

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202017%20-%20Shareholder%20Agreements%20-%20National%20Report%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America.pdf

**Topics.** corporate-governance

**Keywords.** fiduciary-duty, majority-shareholders, minority-protection, close-corporations

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