# kaal:claim:3017612-030

**Claim.** The articles function as the corporation's constitution and are deliberately hard to change, requiring action by both directors and shareholders unlike most corporate decisions.

**Type.** definitional  **Support.** asserted

**Holds when.**

- United States corporations

**Source quote.**

> Changing the articles is intentionally made difficult and amendments generally require actions by both the directors and shareholders, unlike most other corporate decisions.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America* (2017), IV.1 Legal Effects on the Corporation, page 14

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202017%20-%20Shareholder%20Agreements%20-%20National%20Report%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America.pdf

**Topics.** governance-design

**Keywords.** charter, corporate-constitution, amendment, governance-structure

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