# kaal:claim:3017612-037

**Claim.** Damages are usually an inadequate remedy for breach of a shareholder agreement because they are too speculative, even where the aggrieved shareholder holds a direct cause of action.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- breach of a valid shareholder agreement

**Source quote.**

> Damages for breaches of provisions of valid shareholder agreements are often too speculative to provide and adequate remedy, even though the individual has a direct cause of action.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America* (2017), IV.2 Consequences of a Breach of the Shareholders' Agreements, page 17

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202017%20-%20Shareholder%20Agreements%20-%20National%20Report%20of%20the%20United%20States%20of%20America.pdf

**Failure mode.** speculative-damages-inadequate-remedy  (family: enforcement-gap)

**Topics.** institutional-design

**Keywords.** damages, speculative-harm, remedies, specific-performance

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