# kaal:claim:3067615-033

**Claim.** Zombie ICOs, which have little chance of creating a successful market for their tokens, became increasingly common in 2017 and are identifiable by their inability to answer core questions about the problem solved, the allocation of proceeds, the viability of the product, and the team's business experience.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- ICO market in 2017

**Source quote.**

> "Zombie ICOs" are ICOs that really have little chance of creating a successful market for their tokens. Such ICOs have become increasingly common in 2017. Zombie ICOs often cannot succinctly answer core questions in their whitepaper or in response to questions by possible investors.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, *Initial Coin Offerings Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, and Red Flags* (2017), V. Red Flags, page 20

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Marco Dell'Erba, Initial Coin Offerings Emerging Practices, Risk Factors, and Red Flags (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3067615

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `164ce15b9eb1e8847ebcb073f5b23a96b4974ad0308d77469a9455d4a1ebeb38` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Dell%27Erba%20-%202017%20-%20Initial%20Coin%20Offerings%20Emerging%20Practices%2C%20Risk%20Factors%2C%20and%20Red%20Flags.pdf

**Failure mode.** Zombie ICO  (family: investor-protection-gap)

**Topics.** securities-law, economics

**Keywords.** zombie-ico, red-flags, whitepaper, due-diligence, market-quality

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