# kaal:claim:3125827-016

**Claim.** SPoS prevents the long range attack without token locking, because a false chain cannot be manufactured with more total validation than the real chain: votes are transactions moving validators' sem tokens under their public keys, so upvotes cannot be forged from existing tokens.

**Type.** mechanism  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- votes recorded as sem token transactions signed by validator public keys

**Source quote.**

> SPoS naturally prevents this attack without such locking, since a false chain cannot be manufactured with more total validation than the real chain.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, *Secure Proof of Stake Protocol* (2018), 6 Analysis, page 27

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `598d9bd95e4af7a0a35328677c6bfc069f69f2e32c30c720b3a0be98a23a40cb` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202018%20-%20Secure%20Proof%20of%20Stake%20Protocol.pdf

**Topics.** consensus-and-security, tokenomics

**Keywords.** long-range-attack, validation-pool, fork-choice, sem-tokens, proof-of-strong-collaboration

**Related claims.**

- restated_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5225296-013

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.