{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "Claim",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-018",
 "identifier": "kaal:claim:3125827-018",
 "text": "In a distributed system, which cannot achieve constant perfect communication between nodes, it is never possible to determine with certainty that a block producer was censoring particular transactions rather than simply being unaware of them.",
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
 },
 "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827",
 "isBasedOn": {
  "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  "name": "Secure Proof of Stake Protocol",
  "datePublished": "2018",
  "url": "https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827",
  "sha256": "598d9bd95e4af7a0a35328677c6bfc069f69f2e32c30c720b3a0be98a23a40cb",
  "encoding": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202018%20-%20Secure%20Proof%20of%20Stake%20Protocol.pdf"
 },
 "keywords": [
  "institutional-design"
 ],
 "about": [
  "censorship",
  "detection-limits",
  "block-production",
  "distributed-systems"
 ],
 "abstract": "In a distributed system--which cannot achieve constant perfect communication between nodes--we can never certainly determine that a block producer was censoring certain transactions, instead of simply not being aware of them.",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_type",
   "value": "failure"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "confidence",
   "value": "argued"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "scope_conditions",
   "value": [
    "imperfect communication between nodes",
    "block producers with discretion over transaction inclusion"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "is_failure_mode",
   "value": true
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "attestations",
   "value": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/colloquium/attestations/11240cbd02517de286a72451a9afa40fd88d0e9138627f501bcfba3a61fd657c.json"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "edges",
   "value": []
  }
 ],
 "isPartOf": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/index.json"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-27",
 "version": "1.0",
 "sha256": "11240cbd02517de286a72451a9afa40fd88d0e9138627f501bcfba3a61fd657c",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-018.md"
}