# kaal:claim:3266953-006

**Claim.** The centralized version of the internet cannot scale to the thirty to fifty billion connected devices that experts expect by 2020, which is why decentralized authentication solutions for internet of things devices are needed.

**Type.** predictive  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- projected device counts by the year 2020

**Source quote.**

> By the year 2020 the majority of experts estimates that a total of 30 to 50 billion devices will connect to the internet.8 The prevailing opinion of these researchers suggests that the centralized version of the internet cannot scale to that level.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Gopinath Sivalingam, *Reputation Protocol for the Internet of Trust - Conceptual Whitepaper* (2018), Trust Crises on the Internet, page 7

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Gopinath Sivalingam, Reputation Protocol for the Internet of Trust - Conceptual Whitepaper (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3266953

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `781758dea356e55d79c73ad7f1debe7c83de398bd1cd9e0a9a6c2802f276b4c0` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20et%20al.%20-%202018%20-%20Reputation%20Protocol%20for%20the%20Internet%20of%20Trust%20-%20Conceptual%20Whitepaper.pdf

**Failure mode.** centralized internet scaling limit  (family: scalability-and-throughput-limit)

**Topics.** decentralization, consensus-and-security

**Keywords.** internet-of-things, scalability, decentralized-authentication, cyber-security

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