# kaal:claim:3406323-008

**Claim.** Every time decentralization emerges in a given industry, profit margins disappear, as demonstrated by Skype in telecommunications and by Napster and Emule in the music industry.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- industries entered by decentralized systems
- historical examples predating decentralized blockchain technology

**Source quote.**

> Historical evidence has demonstrated that every time decentralization emerges in a given industry, profit margins disappear.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Decentralization - A Primer on the New Economy* (2019), III. Transcending Capitalism and Socialism, page 7

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - A Primer on the New Economy (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3406323

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `6293780b57a1ae1de17ec00f99cc94295d4f72ea4d08b17a5c08c44772b221db` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202019%20-%20Decentralization%20-%20A%20Primer%20on%20the%20New%20Economy.pdf

**Topics.** innovation, decentralization, economics

**Keywords.** profit-margins, industry-disruption, decentralization, economic-history

**Related claims.**

- restated_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-038

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.