# kaal:claim:3411897-012

**Claim.** Nokia, Kodak, and Blackberry all collapsed after fast changes in their markets rendered their products and services irrelevant, illustrating that successful companies drift into obscurity when they fail to embrace change.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- firms facing rapid market change

**Source quote.**

> examples of successful companies that drifted into obscurity after failing to embrace change. Nokia, Kodak, and Blackberry are prominent examples. All these firms collapsed after fast changes in their respective markets rendered their products/services irrelevant.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future* (2019), Part I: The Past, How We Got This Far, page 19

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411897

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `82f0aea026b3e3a526ec51bc073b3b864dc06cd9083ff9c54c550037045edaa9` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202019%20-%20Decentralization%20-%20Past%2C%20Present%2C%20and%20Future.pdf

**Failure mode.** failure-to-embrace-change  (family: incumbent-resistance-to-adoption)

**Topics.** innovation

**Keywords.** disruptive-innovation, incumbent-failure, relevancy, corporate-decline

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.