# kaal:claim:3411897-015

**Claim.** Big data is often not the output of instruments designed to generate valid and reliable data suitable for scientific analysis, so foundational data quality problems persist regardless of how much data is collected.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- applies where data is drawn from databases requiring only generalized accuracy

**Source quote.**

> Big data is often not the output of instruments designed to generate valid and reliable data suitable for scientific analysis.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future* (2019), Part I: The Past, How We Got This Far, page 18

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411897

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `82f0aea026b3e3a526ec51bc073b3b864dc06cd9083ff9c54c550037045edaa9` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202019%20-%20Decentralization%20-%20Past%2C%20Present%2C%20and%20Future.pdf

**Failure mode.** big-data-validity-deficit  (family: data-quality-and-comparability)

**Topics.** research-methods

**Keywords.** big-data, data-quality, construct-validity, measurement

**Related claims.**

- extends: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2834531-003

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.