# kaal:claim:3652481-018

**Claim.** Bifurcation of nodes in a decentralized network through forking can cause significant economic loss, errors, confusion and bugs, including reemergence of the double spend problem that the pre fork network had already solved.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- a chain fork splits nodes across incompatible protocol versions

**Source quote.**

> The bifurcation of nodes in a given decentralized network can lead to significant economic loss, errors, confusion, and bugs. For example, the bifurcation of network nodes can result in the reemergence of the double spend problem that the previous network had overcome.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Decentralized Autonomous Organizations – Internal Governance and External Legal Design* (2020), III.3 Suboptimal Incentive Design, page 29

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations – Internal Governance and External Legal Design (2020). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3652481

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `530b3a40c244aeca2eb4c53f4c9b4d6b2962bd6be9f92b4ebe17139c17f4c0e0` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202020%20-%20Decentralized%20Autonomous%20Organizations%20%E2%80%93%20Internal%20Governance%20and%20External%20Legal%20Design.pdf

**Failure mode.** fork induced double spend  (family: consensus-and-protocol-attack)

**Topics.** consensus-and-security

**Keywords.** forks, double-spend, protocol-upgrades, network-security

**Related claims.**

- extended_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808873-036
- extends: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3441904-024

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.