# kaal:claim:3782191-022

**Claim.** Centralized coordination enables attack coordination because the hierarchical structure allows attackers to identify a single point of failure, whereas the constantly morphing information flow of decentralized systems increases their attack resistance.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- comparison of centralized and decentralized system security

**Source quote.**

> Centralized coordination enables attack coordination because the hierarchical struc- ture allows the identification of a single point of failure.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, *Preface to* (2021), Basics of Decentralization, page 10

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Preface to (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782191

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `b0bf0529c3cf69839879bc4da476714efee2717a4beb768bd5c859b810e6174e` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202021%20-%20Preface%20to.pdf

**Failure mode.** single-point-of-failure  (family: recentralization-drift)

**Topics.** consensus-and-security, institutional-design

**Keywords.** attack-resistance, single-point-of-failure, hierarchy, security

**Related claims.**

- generalizes: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-014
- restated_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4900878-033
- extends: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-002
- extended_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5245185-034
- generalizes: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4734750-013

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.