# kaal:claim:3782198-025

**Claim.** Bitcoin and Ethereum have no formal binding governance framework declaring how consensus protocols may be changed in the future, which the authors identify as a deep flaw that weakens the networks and will lead to instability.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- applies to major blockchains lacking on chain governance

**Source quote.**

> In Bitcoin and Ethereum, there is no formal binding governance framework de- claring how the protocols for consensus might be changed in the future. This is a deep flaw which weakens these networks and will lead to instability.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, *Contemporary Decentralization* (2021), Web>, page 24

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `e7e1378e3eed06cace6534e7792a7307d607d18bc6beb4ac45896476280728e4` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202021%20-%20Contemporary%20Decentralization.pdf

**Failure mode.** missing-governance-framework  (family: governance-participation-collapse)

**Topics.** blockchain, governance-design, tokenomics

**Keywords.** blockchain-governance, bitcoin, ethereum, protocol-change, instability

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.