# kaal:claim:3782198-028

**Claim.** Hash functions let a leaderless network reach consensus on identity and ordering, because every node independently hashes a transaction's data and deterministically arrives at the same unique identifier that everyone recognizes.

**Type.** mechanism  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- requires all nodes to run the same deterministic hash protocol

**Source quote.**

> Thanks to the hash function, every node in the network hashes the transaction's data and independently arrives at the same an- swer, giving the transaction a unique ID that everyone recognizes.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, *Contemporary Decentralization* (2021), New tools: hash functions, page 27

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `e7e1378e3eed06cace6534e7792a7307d607d18bc6beb4ac45896476280728e4` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202021%20-%20Contemporary%20Decentralization.pdf

**Topics.** consensus-and-security, tokenomics, decentralization

**Keywords.** hash-functions, consensus, bitcoin, protocol-centralization, decentralization

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.