# kaal:claim:3782201-020

**Claim.** Bitcoin demonstrates the power of decentralized cooperation and transparency: after a decade without centralized oversight, no network transaction has sent the wrong quantity or gone to the wrong account and no bug has produced an accounting error in a system worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- applies to the network protocol itself, not to the centralized service organizations built on it, from which billions have been stolen

**Source quote.**

> No digital token has ever disappeared or was mistakenly duplicated. Not a single bug has been found to create any type of accounting error in a system worth hundreds of billions of dollars.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, *Future of Decentralization* (2021), Obstacles to decentralization, page 22

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Future of Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782201

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `bedf7bcfbb7a9b0112b5848cb0d941b1d41f330dafeee0143a30ff5e8aa53700` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202021%20-%20Future%20of%20Decentralization.pdf

**Topics.** tokenomics, decentralization, law-and-legal-systems, disclosure

**Keywords.** bitcoin, decentralized-cooperation, protocol-reliability, transparency

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