# kaal:claim:3782203-030

**Claim.** Bitcoin's proof of work has produced no protocol violation in more than a decade, meaning no rule breaking message has been incorporated into the finalized blockchain, even though anyone can run a hacked version of the algorithm anonymously at any time.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** asserted

**Holds when.**

- Bitcoin proof of work as of 2021
- network of millions of users

**Source quote.**

> Despite the fact that anyone can run any hacked version of the algo- rithm at any time from an anonymous account, there has not been a single protocol violation—meaning no message has been incorporated in the finalized blockchain which breaks the rules of the algorithm.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, *A Technical Perspective on Decentralization* (2021), Application to PoS consensus algorithms, page 19

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, A Technical Perspective on Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782203

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `ab8a22d0dbb026a09212a4c85963f3c05787cf80775e8613ae3724e3883e7a56` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202021%20-%20A%20Technical%20Perspective%20on%20Decentralization.pdf

**Topics.** consensus-and-security, tokenomics

**Keywords.** proof-of-work, bitcoin, protocol-violations, consensus

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