# kaal:claim:3782214-016

**Claim.** Rigid code is law contracts must become extremely complex to cover the eventualities of real business situations, and bugs or hacks can never be certainly precluded in any programmable contract.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- any programmable contract, including those written in secure functional languages

**Source quote.**

> Moreover, rigid "code is law" smart contracts will need to be extremely complex to account for the many possible eventualities of practical business situations. The insurmountable reality is that bugs or hacks can never be certainly precluded in any programmable contract.

**From.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, *Decentralized Governance* (2021), Decentralized governance with new IT tools, page 8

**Cite as.** Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Governance (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782214

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `ba892bb200c1455447c0014f5067a501a93ea9ec413c31942d95952eb3bdfd9d` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Calcaterra%20and%20Kaal%20-%202021%20-%20Decentralized%20Governance.pdf

**Failure mode.** unavoidable contract bugs  (family: oracle-and-input-corruption)

**Topics.** smart-contracts, open-source-and-code, consensus-and-security

**Keywords.** smart-contracts, software-bugs, complexity, security

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