# kaal:claim:3931933-009

**Claim.** Early Casper testnet participation was sustained by norms of unpaid mutual support, with participants actively sharing knowledge and supporting other validators without expectation of profit or return favors.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** asserted

**Holds when.**

- early Casper testnet period before incentivized phases

**Source quote.**

> Importantly, the early testnet community entailed many participants who were actively sharing their knowledge and supporting other validators without expectation of profit or return favors.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake* (2021), Testnets as remedies to platform centralization, page 4

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202021%20-%20Hybrid%20Secure%20Proof%20of%20Stake.pdf

**Topics.** consensus-and-security

**Keywords.** casper-network, testnet, community-norms, reciprocity, validator-participation

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.