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 "text": "Lack of validator expertise degraded the initial Casper testnet, with only around 85 percent of testnet nodes up to date and roughly 140 active machines contributing nothing to the network.",
 "author": {
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  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
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 "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
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 "abstract": "Lack of expertise also afflicted the initial Casper testnet. Only around 85% of the testnet nodes were up-to-date, with the rest of the active machines (around 140 machines at the time) not contributing to the network at all. Judging by the discussion and questions in the telegram channel,",
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