{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "Claim",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-007",
 "identifier": "kaal:claim:3936876-007",
 "text": "The paper certificate system failed at scale: trust companies and intermediaries were overwhelmed by changing ownership records, and from 1967 to 1970 a reported $400 million in securities was lost or stolen.",
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
 },
 "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876",
 "isBasedOn": {
  "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  "name": "Custody of Digital Assets",
  "datePublished": "2021",
  "url": "https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876",
  "sha256": "9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55",
  "encoding": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Howe%20-%202021%20-%20Custody%20of%20Digital%20Assets.pdf"
 },
 "keywords": [
  "securities-law",
  "defi"
 ],
 "about": [
  "paperwork-crisis",
  "securities-history",
  "custody-failure",
  "intermediaries"
 ],
 "abstract": "The trust companies and intermediaries quickly became overwhelmed with changing ownership records, and from 1967 to 1970, a reported $400 million was lost or stolen in securities.",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_type",
   "value": "failure"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "confidence",
   "value": "evidenced"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "scope_conditions",
   "value": [
    "United States securities markets, 1967 to 1970"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "is_failure_mode",
   "value": true
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "attestations",
   "value": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/colloquium/attestations/c87a392d56def99568d87ef2af536ef8f814ec10a875e5fbd157504ff76e9caa.json"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "edges",
   "value": []
  }
 ],
 "isPartOf": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/index.json"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-27",
 "version": "1.0",
 "sha256": "c87a392d56def99568d87ef2af536ef8f814ec10a875e5fbd157504ff76e9caa",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3936876-007.md"
}