# kaal:claim:3936876-016

**Claim.** As of 2017, 73 percent of digital asset exchanges took custody of their users' private keys while only 23 percent let users maintain control over their own keys.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- global exchange survey data as of 2017

**Source quote.**

> As of 2017, 73 percent of digital asset exchanges took custody of private keys while 23 percent let users maintain control over their keys.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, *Custody of Digital Assets* (2021), II.2.a Hot Storage, page 17

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Howe%20-%202021%20-%20Custody%20of%20Digital%20Assets.pdf

**Topics.** defi, empirical-evidence

**Keywords.** exchanges, private-keys, custodial-share, empirical-data

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.