# kaal:claim:3936876-029

**Claim.** Custodial service providers spend proportionally less on IT security than non custodial ones: custodians spend between 6 and 10 percent of resources on IT security while non custodial service providers spend between 11 and 20 percent.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- surveyed cryptoasset service providers in the 2020 benchmarking study

**Source quote.**

> Notably, custodians spend between 6% to 10% of their resources on IT security while non-custodial service providers spend between 11% to 20% of its resources, both financial and human, on IT security.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, *Custody of Digital Assets* (2021), III.2 OCC Requirements, page 24

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Howe%20-%202021%20-%20Custody%20of%20Digital%20Assets.pdf

**Topics.** consensus-and-security, empirical-evidence

**Keywords.** it-security, custodians, non-custodial, spending, empirical-data

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.