# kaal:claim:3936876-032

**Claim.** Externally led auditing of digital asset reserves among custodial service providers is declining, falling 24 percentage points relative to the 2018 sample.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- surveyed custodial service providers, 2020 benchmarking study

**Source quote.**

> The report noted this is a 24-percentage point decline compared to their 2018 sample.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, *Custody of Digital Assets* (2021), III.2 OCC Requirements, page 26

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Hayley Howe, Custody of Digital Assets (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3936876

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `9bc0903d01910460298e754c451f027df4324367359800a98ee8e638d94aff55` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Howe%20-%202021%20-%20Custody%20of%20Digital%20Assets.pdf

**Failure mode.** declining reserve audit coverage  (family: supervisory-capacity-gap)

**Topics.** compliance, empirical-evidence

**Keywords.** proof-of-reserves, audit, custodians, empirical-data

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.