{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "Claim",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-012",
 "identifier": "kaal:claim:4685567-012",
 "text": "Kaal concedes that at their worst Impact 1.0 carbon credits are non transparent, fraudulent and fail to mitigate climate change, but contests the inference drawn from that record: operational shortcomings do not necessarily invalidate the underlying theory.",
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
 },
 "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Impact Investing Innovation - From Impact 1.0 to 3.0 (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4685567",
 "isBasedOn": {
  "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
  "name": "Impact Investing Innovation - From Impact 1.0 to 3.0",
  "datePublished": "2024",
  "url": "https://ssrn.com/abstract=4685567",
  "sha256": "87fb1be89d2661967ed2b0b673fe26448ded3bc3119b122177a4fc13ae5c085c",
  "encoding": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202024%20-%20Impact%20Investing%20Innovation%20-%20From%20Impact%201.0%20to%203.0.pdf"
 },
 "keywords": [
  "disclosure"
 ],
 "about": [
  "carbon-credits",
  "fraud",
  "transparency",
  "theory-versus-execution"
 ],
 "abstract": "at their worst, carbon credits in Impact 1.0 are non-transparent, fraudulent and fail to mitigate climate change. Nonetheless, operational shortcomings do not necessarily invalidate the underlying theory",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_type",
   "value": "failure"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "confidence",
   "value": "argued"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "scope_conditions",
   "value": [
    "distinguishes operational execution from underlying theory"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "is_failure_mode",
   "value": true
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "attestations",
   "value": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/colloquium/attestations/4812dc0e20386ce72312864439a6ceb0e69319beff8f2c9b04ba047d36647815.json"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "edges",
   "value": []
  }
 ],
 "isPartOf": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/index.json"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-27",
 "version": "1.0",
 "sha256": "4812dc0e20386ce72312864439a6ceb0e69319beff8f2c9b04ba047d36647815",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4685567-012.md"
}