# kaal:claim:4796714-010

**Claim.** Federated learning lacks theoretical guarantees of reliability and robustness, which makes its behavior unpredictable in practical applications.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- applies to federated learning as practiced

**Source quote.**

> Additionally, FL lacks theoretical guarantees that ensure reliability and robustness, making it less predictable for practical applications.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *AI Governance* (2024), AI Models: Federated Model, page 12

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4796714

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `59fa63bae179e8f9b6b8efbdf90cee28400276512a1b04f9f579a48641305c93` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202024%20-%20AI%20Governance.pdf

**Failure mode.** absent reliability guarantee  (family: ai-model-and-training-failure)

**Topics.** research-methods, law-and-legal-systems

**Keywords.** federated-learning, robustness, reliability, theoretical-guarantees

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.