# kaal:claim:4796714-030

**Claim.** Transparency and accountability cannot be assured across all participants in a federated governance model because there is no centralized control, and the author declines to advocate centralized control as the remedy; the consequences are biased or unfair AI systems, inadequate privacy protection, and unequal access to AI benefits.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- applies to federated models with distributed decision making authority
- the author rejects recentralization as the fix

**Source quote.**

> In a federated model, it can be challenging to ensure transparency and accountability across all participating entities due to the lack of centralized control, which this author does not otherwise advocate.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *AI Governance* (2024), Adapting Decentralization of AI Governance to AI Models, page 33

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4796714

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `59fa63bae179e8f9b6b8efbdf90cee28400276512a1b04f9f579a48641305c93` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202024%20-%20AI%20Governance.pdf

**Failure mode.** federated accountability gap  (family: ai-oversight-and-alignment-gap)

**Topics.** disclosure, decentralization, governance-design

**Keywords.** federated-learning, accountability, transparency, decentralization, governance-design

**Related claims.**

- restated_by: https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-023

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of the claim. Its sha256 is the content hash used for attestation.