# kaal:claim:5095633-028

**Claim.** Decentralized data annotation at scale is not operationally feasible without advances in consensus algorithms or layer-two scaling, because existing blockchain infrastructures cap transaction speed and network capacity.

**Type.** condition  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- real-time or near real-time annotation of large data volumes

**Source quote.**

> existing blockchain infrastructures typically grapple with limits on transaction speed and network capacity. Continuous innovation in consensus algorithms, such as Proof of Stake or layer-two scaling solutions, is thus critical.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier* (2025), 5.3. Shortcomings, page 17

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Artificial Intelligence The Final Frontier (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5095633

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `cbb484711f89bcefc9fc6a5730a1ed0a3f764d7999ad9b6f7d8ea05634c26c63` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202025%20-%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20The%20Final%20Frontier.pdf

**Failure mode.** blockchain throughput bottleneck  (family: scalability-and-throughput-limit)

**Topics.** consensus-and-security

**Keywords.** scalability, consensus-algorithms, throughput, layer-two

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