# kaal:claim:5541658-001

**Claim.** The limitations of rule-based legal expert systems drove the field toward case-based reasoning in the 1990s and machine learning in the early 2000s, because data-driven approaches allow legal AI to operate without relying solely on predefined rules.

**Type.** mechanism  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- applies to the historical development of AI and law from the 1980s through the 2000s

**Source quote.**

> The limitations of rule-based systems prompted a shift toward case-based reasoning in the 1990s and subsequently machine learning (ML) in the early 2000s. These approaches, more particularly ML, allowed AI to rely on data rather than rely solely on predefined rules,

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, Morgan A. Gray, *The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law* (2025), II. Historical Context and Evolution of AI in Legal Systems, page 7

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Morgan A. Gray, The Evolving Role of Artificial Intelligence in Law (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5541658

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `e543a2d698fcd522d4d02e034cc9ee1344d0015d2c824b40b9e05ab7c0728c60` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20and%20Gray%20-%202025%20-%20The%20Evolving%20Role%20of%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20in%20Law.pdf

**Topics.** law-and-legal-systems, ai-and-agents

**Keywords.** legal-expert-systems, case-based-reasoning, machine-learning, ai-history

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