# kaal:claim:5554218-007

**Claim.** Because blockchain based contracts are immutable, they cannot be altered by judicial order, which creates enforceability problems whenever a dispute arises outside the scope of the code, such as defective performance or unforeseen circumstances.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- disputes falling outside the coded parameters
- post-deployment execution on an immutable ledger

**Source quote.**

> The immutability of blockchain-based contracts means they cannot be altered by judicial order, creating enforceability challenges when disputes arise outside the code's scope, such as defective performance or unforeseen circumstances.

**From.** Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, *Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era* (2025), 2.1.3 Enforceability and External Intervention, page 7

**Cite as.** Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Andreas%20and%20Kaal%20-%202025%20-%20Universal%20Digital%20Law%20Codex%20%28UDLC%29%20Building%20the%20Legal%20Infrastructure%20for%20the%20Digital%20Era.pdf

**Failure mode.** Immutability blocks judicial modification  (family: smart-contract-rigidity)

**Topics.** smart-contracts

**Keywords.** immutability, enforceability, judicial-remedies, smart-contracts, breach

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