# kaal:claim:5554218-016

**Claim.** Neither online dispute resolution nor decentralized dispute resolution complies with the minimum due process requirements defined and acknowledged in the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards, which is ratified and enforced in 172 states.

**Type.** failure  **Support.** asserted

**Holds when.**

- disputes over tokenized real world assets
- awards intended for cross-border recognition and enforcement

**Source quote.**

> It is important to note that neither ODR nor DDR comply with the minimal requirements of due process as defined and acknowledged in the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards,47 which is ratified and enforced in 172 States.

**From.** Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, *Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era* (2025), 2.6 Dispute Resolution Involving Real World Assets (RWA) Tokenized Through Smart Contracts, page 14

**Cite as.** Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Andreas%20and%20Kaal%20-%202025%20-%20Universal%20Digital%20Law%20Codex%20%28UDLC%29%20Building%20the%20Legal%20Infrastructure%20for%20the%20Digital%20Era.pdf

**Failure mode.** ODR and DDR fail New York Convention due process  (family: enforcement-gap)

**Topics.** institutional-design

**Keywords.** odr, ddr, due-process, new-york-convention, arbitral-awards

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