# kaal:claim:6269518-021

**Claim.** Retroactive citation penalties deter under-citation only if the penalty parameter is set high enough that the expected gain from under-citation is less than the probability of detection multiplied by the penalty magnitude.

**Type.** condition  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- challenges upheld through a validation pool
- some positive probability of detection

**Source quote.**

> where the penalty parameter is set sufficiently high (e.g., 0.5) that the expected value of under-citing is negative: the expected gain from under-citation must be less than the probability of detection multiplied by the penalty magnitude.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Citation Honesty Mechanisms in Weighted Directed Acyclic Graph Governance* (2026), IV.C. Solution 3: Retroactive Citation Penalties, page 11

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Citation Honesty Mechanisms in Weighted Directed Acyclic Graph Governance (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6269518

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `f096ecf5b41bb9ae8642facd54b9149c7b594de53a1cc32718a4d806b772f88f` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202026%20-%20Citation%20Honesty%20Mechanisms%20in%20Weighted%20Directed%20Acyclic%20Graph%20Governance.pdf

**Topics.** compliance

**Keywords.** retroactive-audit, deterrence, penalty-calibration, validation-pools

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