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  "text": "Implementing the full five-upgrade suite costs roughly six to eighteen months of engineering and 300,000 to 2 million dollars per DAO, and no DAO in the dataset has committed to the investment.",
  "author": {
    "@type": "Person",
    "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
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  "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, The Institutional Deficit in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations - An Empirical Analysis (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6819121",
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  "abstract": "The estimates range from six to eighteen months of engineering work and from $300,000 to $2 million in audit and engineering costs per DAO. None of the DAOs in the dataset has committed to this investment.",
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