# kaal:claim:6819121-025

**Claim.** Implementing the full five-upgrade suite costs roughly six to eighteen months of engineering and 300,000 to 2 million dollars per DAO, and no DAO in the dataset has committed to the investment.

**Type.** empirical  **Support.** evidenced

**Holds when.**

- cost estimates for the five-upgrade suite

**Source quote.**

> The estimates range from six to eighteen months of engineering work and from $300,000 to $2 million in audit and engineering costs per DAO. None of the DAOs in the dataset has committed to this investment.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *The Institutional Deficit in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations - An Empirical Analysis* (2026), VIII. The Architectural Repair Trajectory, page 24

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, The Institutional Deficit in Decentralized Autonomous Organizations - An Empirical Analysis (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=6819121

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `f04b274f926d23848e77b429a13227baed9858b90fec826ddaabd2acca7035fe` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202026%20-%20The%20Institutional%20Deficit%20in%20Decentralized%20Autonomous%20Organizations%20-%20An%20Empirical%20Analysis.pdf

**Topics.** dao, economics, institutional-design

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