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  "text": "State is user-held only if the operator cannot read the user's working state without the user's participation; an operator that holds decryption capability holds the data regardless of marketing claims about ownership.",
  "author": {
    "@type": "Person",
    "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
    "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
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  "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Institutional Requirements for Sovereign Local Agent Runtimes (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7314479",
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  "abstract": "The test is whether the operator can read the user's working state without the user's participation. A system in which the operator holds decryption capability holds the data, whatever the marketing says about ownership.",
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