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  "text": "Among institutions governing counterparty selection, contract, regulation, and brand each fail at machine speed, leaving reputation as the portable, cumulative, continuously updated summary of past conduct a counterparty can evaluate before transacting.",
  "author": {
    "@type": "Person",
    "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
    "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7840-1847"
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  "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Institutional Requirements for Sovereign Local Agent Runtimes (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7314479",
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  "abstract": "Contract requires negotiation and enforcement, both of which are slow and expensive relative to the transaction sizes characteristic of agent interaction. Regulation requires jurisdiction, which is unavailable where the parties are software components of uncertain domicile. Brand requires an audience with memory and attention, neither of which an agent possesses. What remains is reputation: a portable, cumulative, and continuously updated summary of past conduct that a counterparty can evaluate in the time available before transacting.",
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