# kaal:claim:7456999-021

**Claim.** Pairwise disagreement measures label instability but does not identify annotator error variance or a structural variance floor without an explicit latent-label model.

**Type.** methodological  **Support.** argued

**Holds when.**

- inference from pairwise disagreement statistics

**Source quote.**

> Pairwise disagreement measures label instability but does not identify annotator error variance or a structural variance floor without an explicit latent-label model.

**From.** Wulf A. Kaal, *Reinforcement Learning from Reputation Feedback* (2026), II.A Pairwise Disagreement and Its Limits, page 7

**Cite as.** Wulf A. Kaal, Reinforcement Learning from Reputation Feedback (2026). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=7456999

**Verify.** sha256 of source PDF `01016fbbcc25cad205cebd59ea686d8dfee8ae9b632095d86ba6c9a900456a4b` at https://raw.githubusercontent.com/wulfkaal/Academic-Papers/main/papers/pdf/Kaal%20-%202026%20-%20Reinforcement%20Learning%20from%20Reputation%20Feedback.pdf

**Topics.** research-methods, ai-and-agents, empirical-evidence

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