{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/absolute-returns",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:absolute-returns",
 "name": "Absolute returns",
 "termCode": "absolute-returns",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 2
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2012",
    "2016"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2150377-001",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2150377-001",
   "text": "Freedom from supervision and disclosure obligations was functional rather than incidental for hedge funds: it enabled successful fund launches, helped generate higher returns, and attracted investors, which is why manager registration is contested.",
   "abstract": "Hedge funds' ability to invest in global markets without supervision and significant disclosure obligations was important for successful hedge fund launches, helped generate higher returns, and attracted investors.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hedge Fund Manager Registration Under the Dodd-Frank Act (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2150377",
   "datePublished": "2012",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "hedge funds operating before the Dodd-Frank Act",
    "funds investing in global markets"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "0b58bb409cac7674d78515f5374096f9a349de3bbd1983c990e0edc85a635a09",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2715083-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2715083-016",
   "text": "Freedom from significant regulatory oversight is what historically enabled hedge funds to run more exotic, more leveraged strategies aimed at absolute returns.",
   "abstract": "Without significant regulatory oversight, hedge funds were able to employ more exotic investment strategies involving more leverage to generate absolute returns for their investors.",
   "citation": "Kaal, Confluence of Mutual and Private Funds (2016). SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2715083",
   "datePublished": "2016",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "hedge funds operating under securities law safe harbors before the Dodd-Frank Act"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "b5c92186260d4a8499a14f81ee24ace093b24e7740af3effcd1c526fa4fa221e",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'absolute-returns'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}