# Attack surface `kaal:entity:attack-surface` **Status.** derived This node is assembled mechanically from the 8 claims that carry the concept tag `attack-surface`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself. ## Every claim under this term 8 claims across 8 works, 2018 to 2024. **2018** - [3125827-002](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3125827-002) [condition/argued] -- A successful proof of stake protocol must be flexible enough to continually police new attack strategies, because changing market forces and network performance keep creating new opportunities to profit at the expense of the majority. > Therefore a successful PoS protocol must be flexible enough to continually police new attack strategies. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Secure Proof of Stake Protocol (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3125827 - [3266953-020](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3266953-020) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- The fungibility of the staked currency is the main point of attack against proof of stake and leads inevitably to centralization. > The fungibility of currency is the main point of attacks on PoS and leads inevitably to centralization. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Gopinath Sivalingam, Reputation Protocol for the Internet of Trust - Conceptual Whitepaper (2018). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3266953 **2019** - [3405401-022](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3405401-022) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- The transferability of the stores of value entailed in cryptocurrencies creates core points of attack and undermines the very nature of decentralization. > The transferability of stores of value entailed in cryptocurrencies creates core points of attack and undermines the very nature of decentralization. Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralized Commerce – A Primer on Why Decentralized Reputation Verification Systems Are Needed (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3405401 - [3406323-023](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3406323-023) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Because cryptocurrencies embody a transferable store of value, the exercise of power over that value inevitably leads back to centralization through economies of scale, creating core points of attack that undermine the very nature of decentralization. > Because of the store of value entailed in cryptocurrencies (and really any currencies or store of value), exercise of power over such value inevitably leads to centralization due to economies of scale. Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - A Primer on the New Economy (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3406323 - [3411897-028](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3411897-028) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Because cryptocurrencies embody a transferable store of value, the exercise of power over that value inevitably leads to centralization through economies of scale, which creates core points of attack and undermines the very nature of decentralization. > Because of the store of value entailed in cryptocurrencies (and really any currencies or store of value), exercise of power over such value inevitably leads to centralization due to economies of scale. Wulf A. Kaal, Decentralization - Past, Present, and Future (2019). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3411897 **2021** - [3782198-032](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-032) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Proof of stake carries an unresolved failure mode: if anyone devises a clever algorithm for hijacking the block producer selection process, the network would fail. > The problem is that if someone comes up with a clever algorithm for hijacking the process, then the network would fail. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198 - [3782203-013](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782203-013) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- Across all the alternative polling methods explored in the literature, changes both help and hurt: new approaches solve old problems while creating new opportunities for manipulation, a pattern the authors identify with increasing the attack surface. > In all the methods dis- cussed the answer has always been that changes both help and hurt. New approaches solve old problems, but they create new opportunities for manipulation. Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, A Technical Perspective on Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782203 **2024** - [4796714-037](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4796714-037) [failure/argued] *(failure mode)* -- A decentralized data validation layer applied to pretrained models is efficient but structurally limited: because it cannot drive significant changes to the model's core design or training approach, it leaves the model more attack prone. > The validation layer approach, while efficient for refining pretrained models, may not facilitate significant changes in the model's core design or training approach which could make it more attack prone. Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4796714 ## Verify Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust. curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/attack-surface.md | sha256sum **Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.