# Bank failure

`kaal:entity:bank-failure`

**Status.** derived

This node is assembled mechanically from the 2 claims that carry the concept tag `bank-failure`. It is a roster of what the corpus says under this term. It is **not** an adjudicated definition: no single statement here has been ruled canonical, and no first-appearance call has been made. Read the claims and judge for yourself.

## Every claim under this term

2 claims across 2 works, 2012 to 2012.

**2012**

- [1998455-008](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/1998455-008) [mechanism/argued] -- Contingent capital contributes to minimizing moral hazard by internalizing bank failure costs, that is, by placing those costs on the institution's own security holders rather than on the public.
  > By inter- nalizing bank failure costs, contingent capital could contribute to minimizing moral hazard.
  Wulf A. Kaal, Initial Reflections on the Possible Application of Contingent Capital in Corporate Governance (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1998455
- [2061166-004](https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2061166-004) [failure/evidenced] *(failure mode)* -- Purely national crisis measures proved ineffective during the financial crisis because they could not reach cross-border banking operations or contain contagion, as the failures of Lehman Brothers, Fortis, the Icelandic banks, Northern Rock and Hypo Real Estate Holding demonstrated.
  > national measures proved ineffective and failed to address cross-border banking operations or contagion.
  Christoph K. Henkel, Wulf A. Kaal, Contingent Capital in European Union Bank Restructuring (2012). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2061166

## Verify

Every claim above resolves to a record carrying a verbatim source quote, the sha256 of the source PDF, and a preformatted citation. Nothing here asks to be taken on trust.

    curl -s https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/bank-failure.md | sha256sum

**Canonical form.** This markdown file is the canonical hashed representation of this entity node. Its sha256 is the content hash.