{
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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/big-tech",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:big-tech",
 "name": "Big tech",
 "termCode": "big-tech",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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   "value": [
    "2021",
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-022",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808867-022",
   "text": "Regulating centralized technology conglomerates addresses only part of the problem, because even fully regulated conglomerates retain the power to set standards and norms for emerging technologies that government cannot effectively trace; microdemocratic decision making can set such standards outside their control metrics.",
   "abstract": "Even if fully regulated, centralized technology conglomerates still have the power to set standards and norms for emerging technologies that government cannot effectively trace.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808867",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "centralized technology conglomerates that increasingly act like governments"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "eeccf6d0587bd278a96ce6ac8ec5003e26d161c245f6c94b4144d84f374802eb",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3808867-024",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3808867-024",
   "text": "A single powerful application such as Google already exercises substantial control over human knowledge and thought, and could control societal outcomes by making disparate recommendations to similarly situated users.",
   "abstract": "For example, a powerful application such as Google has already a lot of control over human knowledge and thought.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, How Decentralized Systems Can Upgrade AI (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3808867",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "dominant internet based applications accumulating societal functions since the early 2010s"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/4941807-011",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:4941807-011",
   "text": "Although the move toward more explainable, private, and transparent AI is desirable, Kaal argues these regulations paradoxically consolidate power within large technology companies, because only they hold the data resources and infrastructure needed to comply and still ship effective AI.",
   "abstract": "Furthermore, while the move towards more explainable, private, and transparent AI is commendable, these regulations can paradoxically consolidate power within large tech companies.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, AI Governance Via Web3 Reputation System (2024). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4941807",
   "datePublished": "2024",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "where compliance requires vast data resources and sophisticated infrastructure",
    "where smaller developers cannot absorb compliance cost"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'big-tech'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}