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 "name": "Board diversity",
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 "author": {
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  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-023",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3071378-023",
   "text": "A corporation that lacks diversity and allows group thinking will struggle to identify issues because it needs a fresh perspective, which harms the corporation long term by reducing its ability to identify its own strengths and weaknesses.",
   "abstract": "Similarly, if a corporation lacks diversity and allows group thinking, the board will likely struggle to identify issues because the corporation needs a fresh perspective.77 This can harm the corporation in the long term as it is less able to identify strengths and weaknesses.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "boards and corporations without diverse membership"
   ],
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   "status": "current"
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  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-025",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3071378-025",
   "text": "By some estimates the lack of inclusion of minorities in corporate America costs the U.S. economy one trillion dollars per year once the pay gap between whites and minorities is taken into account.",
   "abstract": "According to some estimates, the lack of inclusion of minorities in corporate America costs the U.S. economy $1 trillion per year, taking into account the pay gap between whites and minorities. 85",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
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   "scope_conditions": [
    "estimates accounting for the white-minority pay gap"
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-026",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3071378-026",
   "text": "Allowing minorities onto the board increases creativity through the different perspectives they represent, which acts as a defense against groupthink.",
   "abstract": "Board diversity benefits corporations. By allowing minorities on the board, creativity increases with the different perspectives represented by minorities which acts as a defense against groupthink.87",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-027",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3071378-027",
   "text": "Because directors must act in good faith and in the best interests of the corporation, and a diverse board helps protect against group thinking, fiduciary obligations supply a business reason for board diversity.",
   "abstract": "Arguably, a diverse board helps protect against group thinking which is in the best interest of the corporation.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-028",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3071378-028",
   "text": "Minority board members are expected to bring in minority clientele, so where the corporation's product is not used by minorities the minority director is perceived as a failure, which stigmatizes minority board members and damages their careers.",
   "abstract": "However, if the product the respective corporation produces is not used by minorities, the minority board member will be perceived as a failure for not bringing in minority clients.94 This may stigmatize minority board members and impact their careers.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "corporations whose products are not used by minority consumers"
   ],
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   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3071378-029",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3071378-029",
   "text": "Because a small group of minorities serves on a large number of boards, corporations in fact lose the diversity of viewpoints they were seeking when appointing a minority board member.",
   "abstract": "By having a small group of minorities who serve on a large number of boards, corporations are in fact losing the diversity of viewpoints they were initially looking for in a minority board member.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Blockchain Technology and Race in Corporate America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3071378",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "failure",
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    "overextended minority directors sitting on many boards"
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 "description": "6 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'board-diversity'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}