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 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/casper-network",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:casper-network",
 "name": "Casper network",
 "termCode": "casper-network",
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 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
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   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2021",
    "2021"
   ]
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 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-008",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-008",
   "text": "The final 2021 Casper testnet used perceived validator node uptime as its single rewarding requirement.",
   "abstract": "The latest incentivized testnet ended in September 2021. The last Casper tesnet in September 2021 entailed as its single rewarding requirement the perceived uptime of the participating testnet validator node.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Casper testnet incentivization phase ending September 2021"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-009",
   "text": "Early Casper testnet participation was sustained by norms of unpaid mutual support, with participants actively sharing knowledge and supporting other validators without expectation of profit or return favors.",
   "abstract": "Importantly, the early testnet community entailed many participants who were actively sharing their knowledge and supporting other validators without expectation of profit or return favors.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "early Casper testnet period before incentivized phases"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-010",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-010",
   "text": "Detailed and easy to follow operator documentation produced by the early testnet community drove participation up to roughly 950 nodes running on the network, with around 200 nodes rewarded each week.",
   "abstract": "early testnet community created detailed and very easy-to-follow instructions for the testnet node operators, which resulted in around 950 nodes running on the network and around 200 nodes were rewarded each week.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "early Casper testnet days"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-011",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-011",
   "text": "Publishing each validator's uptime and rewarding status to the community on a weekly basis coincided with active Casper testnet nodes falling below 800, in a period of already volatile validator participation.",
   "abstract": "In the early testnet days, validator participation was volatile with validators joining and others leaving regularly. At some point during 2021, the active Caser testnet nodes fell under 800 after the uptimes/rewarding-status of each validator node was reported to the community on a weekly basis.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "2021 Casper testnet incentivized phases"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-012",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-012",
   "text": "Validators who learned they would receive no reward shut down their nodes rather than waiting for the incentivization phase to end, so a reward scheme that visibly excludes participants loses their contribution immediately.",
   "abstract": "Other validators shut down their nodes instead of waiting for the end of the incentivization phase when they realized that there was no reward for them.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "2021 Casper testnet incentivization phase"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-013",
   "text": "The initial Casper testnet was subject to inevitable centralization, illustrated by a small group of core developers setting validator performance numbers and other rules without broader community input.",
   "abstract": "The initial Casper testnet was subject to inevitable forms of centralization. For example, a small group of core developers determined the testnet validator performance numbers and other rules without broader community input. Moreover, only a rather small group of developers managed",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "initial Casper testnet governance"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-014",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-014",
   "text": "Opacity about reward eligibility is itself a source of dysfunction: during the first phase of the 2021 Casper testnet it was unclear which validators would be rewarded in each week, which caused friction and non-productive discussions among the validators.",
   "abstract": "During the first phase of the 2021 Casper Testnet, it was unclear which validators would get rewarded in each week, causing friction and non-productive discussions among the validators.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "first phase of the 2021 Casper testnet",
    "weekly publication of uptime scores improved the situation only marginally"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-015",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-015",
   "text": "The initial Casper testnet group was hampered by communication shortcomings, with only around 680 validators present in the telegram group that served as the main channel for news and updates.",
   "abstract": "Yet, the initial testnet group were hampered by communication shortcomings. For example, only around 680 of the validators were present in the telegram group.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "2021 Casper testnet validator community"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-016",
   "text": "Uptime based reward policies invite Sybil style abuse: on the original Casper testnet single persons ran fifteen or more validator nodes to exploit cloud provider promotions and the DEVxDAO rewards policy, extracting rewards without contributing to the validator group.",
   "abstract": "The original Casper Testnet was also afflicted by cases of single persons running 15+ validator nodes in an effort to abuse the welcome promotions of certain cloud providers and the rewards policy of the DEVxDAO.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "original Casper testnet under a uptime only rewards policy"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-017",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-017",
   "text": "Lack of validator expertise degraded the initial Casper testnet, with only around 85 percent of testnet nodes up to date and roughly 140 active machines contributing nothing to the network.",
   "abstract": "Lack of expertise also afflicted the initial Casper testnet. Only around 85% of the testnet nodes were up-to-date, with the rest of the active machines (around 140 machines at the time) not contributing to the network at all. Judging by the discussion and questions in the telegram channel,",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "initial Casper testnet"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-018",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-018",
   "text": "Reward focused participation crowds out technical engagement: many Casper testnet participants lacked the expertise to run nodes, and their questions concentrated on reward payments with little to no focus on technical topics.",
   "abstract": "Judging by the discussion and questions in the telegram channel, many testnet participants also did not have the required expertise to run Casper testnet nodes. Questions primarily focused on reward payments, with little to no focus on the technical topics.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "initial Casper testnet telegram channel discussions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-019",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-019",
   "text": "Despite its shortcomings the 2021 Casper testnet fulfilled its purpose, providing a test bed for dApp developers and testing node software upgrades before deployment on the Casper mainnet.",
   "abstract": "Nevertheless, the 2021 Casper testnet fulfilled its purpose. It provided a test bed for dApp developers on Casper mainnet, and tested the node software upgrades before they were deployed on the Casper mainnet.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "empirical",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "2021 Casper testnet"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-021",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-021",
   "text": "The Shasper canary network is designed as an experimental environment for developer teams that want to move fast and innovate, or to prepare deployments destined for the Casper Network.",
   "abstract": "The Shasper Network creates an experimental development environment for dev teams who want to move fast and innovate on Shasper or prepare for deployment on Casper.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "design",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "canary network running parallel to the Casper testnet and mainnet"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3931933-039",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3931933-039",
   "text": "The Shasper network extends the Casper testnet in a way that benefits community experimentation and creates significant developer incentives that help retain talent for the Casper network.",
   "abstract": "The Shasper network provides a natural extension of the Casper testnet which benefits community experimentation. It creates significant developer incentives which helps retain talent for the Casper network.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Hybrid Secure Proof of Stake (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3931933",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "predictive",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "Shasper deployed as a canary network alongside Casper"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55a71cdfceb96fadefba1f2fed9563b588825378c91aff644ee7faaccdf31204",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "14 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'casper-network'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}