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 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/centralized-ownership",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:centralized-ownership",
 "name": "Centralized ownership",
 "termCode": "centralized-ownership",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 2
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 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-005",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782198-005",
   "text": "Social networks grow exponentially more powerful through the network effect, but they are stifled by the centralized ownership and governance of the Web 2.0 companies that run them; governing decentralized information flow requires decentralized incentive designs.",
   "abstract": "But these networks are stifled by the centralized ownership and governance of the Web ).5 companies that run them. Governing decentralized information flow ne- cessitates decentralized incentive designs.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies to networks whose value comes from member interaction"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e7e1378e3eed06cace6534e7792a7307d607d18bc6beb4ac45896476280728e4",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3782198-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3782198-013",
   "text": "Because centralized owners control the platform software they control the market and can dictate prices, charging non transparent fees that adjust to real time supply and demand to maximize their own profit.",
   "abstract": "owners control this software and therefore control the market and can dictate prices. They don't charge transparent fees. They adjust to real-time information about supply and demand to maximize their profits.",
   "citation": "Craig Calcaterra, Wulf A. Kaal, Contemporary Decentralization (2021). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3782198",
   "datePublished": "2021",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "applies to platform businesses such as ride sharing where the owner sets the matching software"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e7e1378e3eed06cace6534e7792a7307d607d18bc6beb4ac45896476280728e4",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'centralized-ownership'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}