{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/charter-amendment",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:charter-amendment",
 "name": "Charter amendment",
 "termCode": "charter-amendment",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
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   "value": 3
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   "@type": "PropertyValue",
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   "value": [
    "2017",
    "2017"
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  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-034",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3017612-034",
   "text": "Absent explicit statutory authorization, many courts have refused to enforce veto provisions contained in shareholder agreements, which is why such provisions should be implemented through charter or bylaw amendment.",
   "abstract": "explicit statutory authorization, many courts have refused to enforce veto provisions in shareholders' agreements.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "evidenced",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "states without statutes specifically authorizing shareholder control agreements",
    "veto or supermajority provisions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-035",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3017612-035",
   "text": "States lacking specific authorization for shareholder control agreements generally still permit departure from the default rule of director control if the departure is set forth in the corporation's charter or bylaws.",
   "abstract": "States that do not specifically authorize shareholder control agreements usually contain a statute allowing parties to make exceptions from the default rule of director control by making providing for it in the corporation's charter or bylaws.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "asserted",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "states without shareholder control agreement statutes"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/3017612-036",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:3017612-036",
   "text": "Even though New York decisions such as Adler v. Svingos suggest veto arrangements outside the charter will be specifically enforced, the better practice remains to amend the charter to insert them.",
   "abstract": "While shareholders of New York close corporations may be able to set up veto provisions without amending the corporation's charter, the better practice is to amend the charter to insert such arrangements.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Shareholder Agreements - National Report of the United States of America (2017). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3017612",
   "datePublished": "2017",
   "claim_type": "normative",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "New York close corporations",
    "high voting or unanimity requirements"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "33821db406f92efbe1698fbaed37687595c13b7ce5463b4a879df679fd4af1ac",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "3 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'charter-amendment'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}