{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/civil-law",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:civil-law",
 "name": "Civil law",
 "termCode": "civil-law",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/civil-law.md",
 "sha256": "28a6d9ea7d18865a7bce40232f76f5016c5236d3a7f1083859d8875607ab414a",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 4
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2004",
    "2025"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-016",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-016",
   "text": "The weak link in a bundled package offered by a civil law Member State is likely to be its system of adjudication rather than its statute.",
   "abstract": "The weak link in the bundled package offered by a civil law jurisdiction is thus likely to be its system of adjudication rather its statute.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "civil law Member States marketing corporate law to investors used to common law systems"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/617681-017",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:617681-017",
   "text": "Defects in a civil law jurisdiction's corporate statute, such as inadequate minority shareholder protection, are more easily fixed than defects in a judiciary that fails to apply the statute predictably and uniformly.",
   "abstract": "Problems with a civil law jurisdiction's underlying statute – for example if it gives inadequate protection for minority shareholders – are also more easily fixed than problems with a judiciary that fails to apply the statute in a predictable and uniform manner.",
   "citation": "Christian Kirchner, Richard W. Painter, Wulf A. Kaal, Regulatory Competition in EU Corporate Law after Inspire Art Unbundling Delaware's Product for Euro (2004). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=617681",
   "datePublished": "2004",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "civil law jurisdictions"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "e142130507ea2f5b025fd97b3f762d44ee3a7aaa82b155aab63434b85e8fd834",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-001",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5554218-001",
   "text": "Smart contracts disrupt the foundational principles of contract formation in both common and civil law jurisdictions, specifically offer and acceptance, consideration, and enforceability, because their automated and immutable execution lacks the flexibility that law derives from human negotiation and judicial oversight.",
   "abstract": "smart contracts disrupt foundational principles of contract formation, such as offer and acceptance, consideration, and enforceability, due to their automated, immutable execution, which lacks the flexibility of law, which is based on human negotiation and judicial oversight.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "mechanism",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "common law and civil law jurisdictions",
    "self-executing smart contracts deployed on blockchain"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5554218-009",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5554218-009",
   "text": "Unless the scope and permissible transactions of smart contracts are bounded by law, smart contracts risk being held unenforceable in jurisdictions that prioritize statutory compliance over technological innovation.",
   "abstract": "Without such boundaries, smart contracts risk being deemed unenforceable in jurisdictions that prioritize statutory compliance over technological innovation.",
   "citation": "Furrer Andreas, Wulf A. Kaal, Universal Digital Law Codex (UDLC) Building the Legal Infrastructure for the Digital Era (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5554218",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "jurisdictions that prioritize statutory compliance and mandatory formalities"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "55738b4035a91b70aa2ddaa127552fe4b373ec641afee2719fbdcabebdcbea44",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "4 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'civil-law'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}