{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "DefinedTerm",
 "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/coercion",
 "identifier": "kaal:entity:coercion",
 "name": "Coercion",
 "termCode": "coercion",
 "inDefinedTermSet": {
  "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/index.json"
 },
 "author": {
  "@type": "Person",
  "name": "Wulf A. Kaal",
  "identifier": "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0757-275X"
 },
 "dateModified": "2026-07-29",
 "canonicalForm": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/entities/coercion.md",
 "sha256": "8512bc4b216f15bf3ed48eecd75001eaf135bc4428709d7c5c1415b780dcab98",
 "additionalProperty": [
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "status",
   "value": "derived"
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "claim_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "work_count",
   "value": 2
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "year_span",
   "value": [
    "2013",
    "2025"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "PropertyValue",
   "name": "non_current_claims",
   "value": 0
  }
 ],
 "subjectOf": [
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/2317580-025",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:2317580-025",
   "text": "Unlike private contracts, CIAs are not the product of genuine bargaining choice: companies execute them to avoid further prosecution and exclusion from Medicaid and Medicare, so that once the government decides a CIA is warranted, a company that wishes to remain in its industry has its hands tied.",
   "abstract": "If the government decides a CIA is warranted, the company's hands are tied if it wants to continue to operate within its industry.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Elizabeth R. Malay, The Role of Corporate Integrity Agreements in the Expansion of Fiduciary Duties (2013). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2317580",
   "datePublished": "2013",
   "claim_type": "condition",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": false,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "health care companies dependent on federal health care program participation"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "50973e1e820aef47a4e7ffdbdcb513d03f1845643fcf4fa5910e9528a0b7dac2",
   "status": "current"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Claim",
   "@id": "https://wulfkaal.github.io/claims/5583610-013",
   "identifier": "kaal:claim:5583610-013",
   "text": "If LER rewards are set so generously that they effectively purchase shareholder votes, the program becomes disproportionate or coercive and courts will invalidate it.",
   "abstract": "If LERs are disproportionately or coercively implemented, such as for example overly generous voucher rewards that effectively buy stockholder votes, then LER would violate the applicable requirements and risk invalidation by courts.",
   "citation": "Wulf A. Kaal, Liquid Equity Rewards in Corporate America (2025). SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5583610",
   "datePublished": "2025",
   "claim_type": "failure",
   "confidence": "argued",
   "is_failure_mode": true,
   "scope_conditions": [
    "reward size large enough to buy votes",
    "Delaware enhanced scrutiny"
   ],
   "source_pdf_sha256": "2d73609d95ddb1573acc2a9e7af617fbe6283d6e591deb6317f6d5d804517c62",
   "status": "current"
  }
 ],
 "description": "2 claims in the published works of Wulf A. Kaal carry the concept tag 'coercion'. Derived node: a roster, not an adjudicated definition."
}